Time lays its authority on a man but if the man accepts time’s authority unresistingly, his history has no brilliance it is a dead thing.

ေခတ္သည္လူကုိဩဇာေပးတတ္သည္။လူသည္ေခတ္၏ဩဇာကုိနာခံ၍ ေရလုိက္ငါးလုိက္ ေနသည္ ရွိေသာ္ လူ႔သမုိင္းသည္ထြန္းေျပာင္းျခင္းမရွိ အေသကဲ့သုိ႔ျဖစ္၏။

A man can rebel against time but although in their struggle men wrestle inconclusively human history advances it gains brilliance .

လူကလည္းေခတ္ကုိေတာ္လွန္သည္။ ဤသုိ႔ေတာ္လွန္ရာ၌ လူႏွင့္ေခတ္တုိ႔သည္ ဘတစ္ျပန္က်ားတျပန္ နပန္းသတ္ၾကသည္။ ထုိအခါ လူ႔သမုိင္းသည္ တုိးတက္လာသည္။ ထြန္းေျပာင္လာသည္။

However, we cannot establish a truth in history by guessing. We can in fact only meditate upon the events that happened.

သုိ႔ရာတြင္ကၽြႏ္ုပ္တုိ႔သည္လူ႔သမုိင္းကုိအကယ္၍ဟူေသာစိတ္မွန္းျဖင့္ဖန္တီး၍မရနုိင္။စင္စစ္ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနေသာ အျခင္းအရာတုိ႔ကုိသာ ဝိပႆနာတင္ရမည္ျဖစ္၏။

Throughout the course of Burmese history the holders of supreme power had never been other than people of Burma.

ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္သမုိင္းတစ္ေလွ်ာက္တြင္အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္နုိင္ငံသားအျဖစ္ႏွင့္သာလူ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ၾကရသည္။

Generally, however, if we look at history with open eyes, we will find that the unity of the peoples of Burma has been broken from time to time and it has sometimes come to seem like a collection of different sovereign kingdoms.

ကမၻာ့သမုိင္းကုိၿခဳံ၍ၾကည့္တတ္ေသာမ်က္စိျဖင့္ၾကည့္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈ သည္မၾကာခဏ ၿပိဳကြဲပ်က္စီးခဲ့ရသည္ကုိ အျခားအျခားေသာ ဧကရာဇ္ပေဒသရာဇ္နုိင္ငံမ်ား နည္းတူေတြ႔ရလိမ့္မည္။

The Burmese people once had to accept the chaos which was the penalty when the great kingdom of Pagan was suddenly brought down.

ပုဂံျပည္ႀကီးကုိ တရုတ္တရက္တုိ႔ထိပါးေႏွာင့္ယွက္သျဖင့္ျမန္မာတုိ႔ဖရုိဖရဲၿပိဳကြဲပ်က္စီးေသာဒဏ္ကုိ ခံခဲ့ၾကရ ဖူးသည္။

They had to accept the penalty of Shan domination.

‘ဂငယ္သုံးခု၊ဥသွ်စ္ထု’ ဟူေသာဆုိရုိးစကားအတုိင္း ရွမ္းတုိ႔၏လႊမ္းမုိးမႈဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾကရ ဖူးသည္။

At Sagaing, Pinya, Ava and Myinsaing the Burmese people had to pay the cost of their disunion and of their several power centers.

စစ္ကုိင္း၊ ပင္းယ၊ အင္းဝ၊ ျမင္စုိင္းဟူ၍ ျမန္မာတုိ႔အခ်င္းခ်င္းအာဏာလုပြဲႀကီးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ အမ်ိဳးသား စည္းလုံး ညီညြတ္ေရးပ်က္ျပားေသာဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾကရဖူးသည္။

They frequently waged war upon their own kindred and neighbours, so that they had to pay the cost of the fear of war also.

ေဆြရိပ္မ်ိဳးရိပ္မကင္းေသာ အိမ္နီးပါးခ်င္းနုိင္ငံတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မၾကာခဏစစ္ခင္းခဲ့ၾက၍ စစ္ေဘးစစ္ဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾကရဖူးသည္။

Country on anarchy or powerless want to be confiscating by the neighbor is tradition. 

That is why Jætaka says ‘ tadæ eko sæmantaræjæ “ kæsiræjæ kira væra¼asinagarato nikkhamitvæ vonaµ pavisitvæ pavvajito” ti sutvæ “ væra¼asi³ gah¼issæmø” ti nagaræ nikkhamitvæ and evaµ aparepi satta ræjæno “ væra¼asi³ gah¼issæmø” ti ægatæ.

On the other hand, they also made efforts in various ways to avoid these penalties.

သုိ႔ရာတြင္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ထုိဒဏ္အမိ်ဳးမ်ိဳးမွလြတ္ေျမာက္ရန္အလုိ႔ငွာ ႀကိဳးပမ္းခဲ့ၾကသည္ ခ်ည္းပင္။

It is plain from the Chronicles that such efforts were directed towards rebuilding an all-embracing kingdom of Burma with its peoples in unity so that the name of Burma might not be lost with the Burmese, the Shams, the Mons and the Arakanese it might be said each in their turn holding the power.

သမိုင္းအစဥ္အဆက္၌ ျမန္မာတစ္လွည့္၊ ရွမ္းတစ္လွည့္၊ မြန္တစ္လွည့္၊ ရခုိင္တစ္လွည့္ ဆုိဘိသကဲ့သုိ႔ မည္မွ်လႊမ္းမုိးၾကေစကာမူျမန္မာတည္းဟူေသာပညတ္မေပ်ာက္ရေလေအာင္တစ္မိ်ဳးသားလုံးစည္းလုံးမႈျဖင့္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံေတာ္ဟူ၍ တည္ေဆာက္နုိင္ေအာင္ အားထုတ္ခဲ့ၾက သည္မွာ သမုိင္း၌ အထင္အရွားျဖစ္သည္။

Just as in Europe by the laws of history the territories of feudal lords were little by little brought into union to create a national territory; so the Burmese united their fortified towns and villages so as to make a kingdom.

ဥေရာပတုိက္တြင္ၿမိဳ႕စားနယ္ပယ္တုိ႔ကုိနုိင္ငံျဖစ္ေအာင္အဆင့္ဆင့္စည္းရုံးခဲ့ၾကေသာသမုိင္းနိယာမအတုိင္း ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္လည္းၿမိဳ႕ျပျပည္ရြာတုိ႔ကုိနုိင္ငံျဖစ္ေအာင္စည္ရုံးခဲ့ၾကသည္ခ်ည္းပင္။

Thus the Burmese people as is the way of peoples of a free country advanced noticeably.

ဤသုိ႔လွ်င္ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ လြတ္လပ္ေသာနုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔၏ သဘာဝအေလွ်ာက္ထြန္းကား တုိးတက္လာ ၾကသည္။

They developed a class of rulers and consequently the customs of the peoples of the various lands to the east merged on equal terms with those of the Burmese.

အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္နုိင္ငံအျဖစ္ျဖင့္အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရအတုိင္းတုိင္း အျပည္ျပည္ တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံသည္ တန္းတူရည္တူ ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ၾကသည္။

While in the land of Burma the customs and the course of history of the peoples of the East were becoming increasingly unified in the West, in Europe it could be seen that the customs and the course of history were developing similarly.

ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံ၌ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားသမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရ တုိးတက္ျဖစ္ ထြန္းေနစဥ္ ဥေရာပတုိက္၌လည္းအေနာက္တုိင္းသမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာအရတုိးတက္ျဖစ္ထြန္းမႈတုိ႔ ေပၚေပါက္ေနသည္။

At this period, by a remarkable change in the times, there came about the 16th century turn to new techniques that is known as the “Renaissance” .

ထုိအခ်ိန္တြင္လြန္စြာထူးျခားေသာေခတ္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈႀကီးတစ္ရပ္မွာ(၁၆)ရာစုႏွစ္ကေပၚေပါက္ေသာရီေနဆြန္း ေခၚဉာဏ္သစ္အေရးေတာ္ပုံျဖစ္သည္။