၁း ၁၁။ လူ႔အဖြဲ႔အစည္း ပဋိညာဉ္
I should like now to give a sort of advance preface about the original ethos of the government of Burma.
ျမန္မာ့ရုိးရာ နုိင္ငံေရးအေတြးအေခၚတစ္ရပ္ကုိ ႀကိဳတင္၍နိဒါန္းပ်ိဳးထားလုိပါသည္။
It is correct that the principle of Burmese kingship was possession by right of birth.
ျမန္မာဘုရင္စနစ္သည္ သက္ဦးဆံပုိင္စနစ္ျဖစ္သည္မွန္၏။
This “possession by right of birth” meant that the king was the owner of the lives of the people of the country.
သက္ဦးဆံပုိင္စနစ္ဟူသည္ကားရွင္ဘုရင္ကတုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔၏အသက္ကုိပုိင္သည္ဟုဆုိလုိသည္။
Because it could be said that he “owned their lives” we must also say that he owned all the property and wealth of the people.
အသက္ကုိပုိင္သည္ဟုဆုိျခင္းေၾကာင့္တုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔၏ဥစၥာစည္းစိမ္ကုိပါပုိင္သည္ဟုဆုိ ရမည္။
Consequently, in the general usage of the Chronicles the king is referred to as the “Lord of Life” and as the “Lord of Land and Water”.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ရွင္ဘုရင္ကုိျမန္မာ့ရာဇဝင္အသုံးအႏႈန္းတုိ႔၌ဘဝရွင္ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ ေရေျမ့ရွင္ ဟူလည္းေကာင္း၊ ျပဆုိသည္။
Under an autocracy we cannot really say that the monarch rules with the single-minded wish to rule all living creatures on the same terms as his own children.
သက္ဦးဆံပုိင္စနစ္အရ ဘုရင္မင္းျမတ္၏အလုိတစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္သာအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ျခင္းသည္တုိင္းသူ ျပည္သားမ်ားကုိ ရင္ဝယ္သားကဲ့သုိ႔ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာနည္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္သည္ဟုျပည့္ျပည့္ဝဝမဆုိသာေသး။
If he is brought to the point where he must consult the "living creatures" we may be able to say that he regards them on equal terms with his own children.
တုိင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားႏွင့္ေဆြးေႏြးတုိင္ပင္၍အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာအျဖစ္သုိ႔ေရာက္မွသာတုိင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားကုိ ရင္ဝယ္သားကဲ့သုိ႔ သေဘာထားသည္ဟုဆုိနုိင္လိမ့္မည္။
If there is no law requiring consultation, his guardianship becomes dubious.
ထုိ႔သုိ႔ေဆြးေႏြးတုိင္ပင္သည္မွန္ေစ၊ တရားဥပေဒမရွိလွ်င္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ျခင္းမမည္နုိင္။
Nevertheless, ideas on Burmese kingship never included any sort of belief that the kings' rights by right of birth were conferred by the spirits or by an Eternal God.
သုိ႔ေသာ္ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏နုိင္ငံေရးအေတြးအေခၚ၌`ရွင္ဘုရင္တုိ႔သည္အသက္ဦးဆံပုိင္ဟူေသာအခြင့္ အေရးကုိ နတ္ေပး၍ (ဝါ) ထာဝရဘုရားေပး၍ ရသည္`ဟူေသာ အယူအဆမ်ိဳးမရွိေခ်။
This idea that a king's rights were conferred by an eternal deity belongs to the western countries.
အေနာက္နုိင္ငံတုိ႔၏နုိင္ငံေရးအေတြးအေခၚ၌ထာဝရဘုရားကေပးေသာအခြင့္အေရးမ်ားဟူ၍ရွိသည္။
In the Mahæjanaka Jætaka so forth said that only one who is of power and glory or influence can become King of a country. For example: the family priest said to them, "Be not anxious; we must send out the festive carriage, the king who is obtained by the festal carriage will be able to rule over all India." So they agreed, and having decorated the city and yoked four lotus-coloured horses to the festive chariot and spread a coverlet over them and fixed the five ensigns of royalty, they surrounded them with an army of four hosts.
Now musical instruments are sounded in front of a chariot which contains a rider, but behind one which contains none; so the family priest, having bid them sound the musical instruments behind, and having sprinkled the strap of the car and the goad with a golden ewer, bade the chariot proceed to him who has merit sufficient to rule the kingdom. The car went solemnly round the palace and proceeded up the kettle-drum road.
This being so, how would the king acquire this “right by birth”?
ယင္းသို႔ျဖစ္လွ်င္ အသက္ဦးဆံပုိင္ေသာအခြင့္အေရးကုိ ဘုရင္တုိ႔မည္သုိ႔ရရွိပါသနည္း။
The answer to this question may be given by the ideas on government contained in the legend of the elevation of Mahāsammata.
ဤပုစၦာကုိေျဖဆုိရန္မွာ ျမန္မာ့နုိင္ငံေရးအေတြးအေခၚအလုိ႔ငွာ ျမန္မာတုိ႔လက္သုံးျပဳေသာ မဟာဝန္ က်မ္းလာ မဟာသမၼတ တင္ေျမွာက္ပုံအျခင္းအရာကုိ ညႊန္ျပရေပလိမ့္မည္။
“ayaµ no ræjæ” ti mahæjanena sammanitvæ ¥hapitattæ “Mahæsammato” ti evaµ sammatassa. That is to say: “this is our King” thus so many people having selected and caused to be placed which is in regular use by the Burmese. There was, then, when lies were being told, a need for a man of wisdom and firmness, in order to recognize them and to give decisions.
Consequently, a gathering of men of knowledge, dexterity and wisdom raised a teacher named Manu.
အသိလိမၼာဉာဏ္ပညာရွိသူလူတစ္စုတုိ႔သည္မနဳမည္ေသာသုခမိန္ကုိမဟာသမၼတတင္ ေျမွာက္ၾကသည္။
“So hi sakalalokassa hitaµ manati jænætøti Manþti vuccati”. That is to say: Indeed, he is called thus Manu because he knows benefit of the whole world to be Mahāsammata.
The method of this raising was this: they joined together in urging him, saying, "Be our ruler and lord; so far as the law allows, cast down those who deserve reproof, degrading, or exile and raise up those who deserve help, advancement, or protection.
တင္ေျမွာက္ပုံမွာငါတုိ႔အေပၚတြင္အရွင္အစုိးရျပဳလုပ္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပါ။ကဲ့ရဲ႕ရႈတ္ခ်ႏွင္ထုတ္သင့္သူ၊မ,စ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္သင့္သူ တုိ႔ကုိ တရားလမ္းရွိသမွ် နိဂၢဟ၊ပဂၢဟ ျပဳလုပ္ပါ။
For exercising this control please to accept as the means needed for its exercise a tithe - one part in ten, one branch in ten branches, one weight in ten weights, one volume in ten volumes, one flower in ten flowers – which we will give you according to the estimated value".
ထုိကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳလုပ္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္သည့္အတြက္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခံရသူတုိ႔လုပ္ေဆာင္ျဖစ္ထြန္းရရွိေသာပစၥည္း မ်ားမွဒသမဘာဂဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔ အခ်ိန္ႏွင့္အခံသင့္ ေပးဆက္ၾကသည္ကုိ ခံယူပါဟူ၍ ဝို္င္းဝန္း တုိက္တြန္း ေျပာဆုိၾကကုန္၏။
Those thus elevated who rule as kings by mutual consent and reciprocal undertakings and those who are teachers, destined to be kings and are elevated to the monarchy by the three consecrations.
သု႔ိတင္ေျမွာက္သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မင္းျပဳလုပ္မည့္သူတုိ႔သည္ အျပန္အလွန္ပဋိညာဉ္ခံဝန္ကတိစကားထားၾကၿပီးသည့္အခါ မင္းလ်ာမင္းေလာင္းျဖစ္ေသာ သုခမိန္ကုိသုံးပါးေသာဘိသိက္သြန္းေလာင္းျခင္းျဖင့္ မင္းေျမွာက္ၾကကုန္သည္။
It was in this manner then that Mahāsammata acquired the right to rule over the people of the country and it was because of this consideration that the parts to be played by the king's family, by the Court Brahmins and by the wealthy person in the consecration ceremony were laid down as shown below:
မဟာသမၼတသည္တုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔အားစုိးပုိင္ရန္အခြင့္အေရးကုိ အထက္ပါနည္းျဖင့္ရရွိခဲ့သည္။ ဤအခ်က္ေၾကာင့္မုဒၶါဘိသိက္ သြန္းေလာင္းသည့္အခါမင္းမ်ိဳးအေပါင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ပုဏၰားမ်ိဳးအေပါင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ သူေဌးသူႂကြယ္ အေပါင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ရာဇေသဝကဒီပနီ က်မ္းလာ ေအာက္ပါအာေဘာ္အတုိင္း ဘိသိက္သြန္းရသည္။
“Most excellent king! We, the royal kindred, the Brahmin and the wealthy person pour out the water of consecration upon you for the sake of prosperity and for our own protection.
အရွင္မင္းျမတ္၊အရွင္မင္းျမတ္ကုိအလုံးစုံေသာမင္းမ်ိဳး၊ပုဏၰားမ်ိဳး၊သူေဌးသူႂကြယ္မ်ိဳးအေပါင္းတုိ႔သည္မိမိ ကုိယ္ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ျခင္းအက်ိဳးငွာ မင္းျမတ္ကုိ အဘိသိက္ေရစင္သြန္းေလာင္း ပါကုန္၏။
Lord King! Will you exercise your rule as King in accordance with the Law?
အရွင္မင္းျမတ္သည္တရားႏွင့္အညီမင္းျပဳေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။
Will you keep a mind to serve the prosperity of us all, royal kindred, Brahmin and wealthy person with the same loving care as you give to those of your own golden house?
အရွင္မင္းျမတ္သည္တရားႏွင့္အညီမင္းျပဳေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။မင္းမ်ိဳး၊ပုဏၰားမ်ိဳး၊သူေဌးသူႂကြယ္ မ်ိဳးအေပါင္းတုိ႔၌ အရွင္မင္းျမတ္သည္ ေရႊရင္ေတာ္ႏွစ္သားေတာ္ခ်စ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ခ်စ္ခင္သနားေတာ္မူသျဖင့္ စီးပြါးေစလုိေသာစိတ္ရွိေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။
Will you keep a mind of kindly goodwill which is well-being?
စီးပြါးႏွင့္မွ်ေသာေမတၱာစိတ္လည္း ရွိေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။
Will you take care of us all, royal kindred, Brahmin and wealthy person?
ထုိမ်ိဳးအေပါင္းတုိ႔ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။
Excellent Lord King! So long as you rule in accordance with our words, it will be very well.
အရွင္မင္းျမတ္ အကၽြန္ုပ္တုိ႔ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း မင္းျပဳသည္ရွိေသာ္ေကာင္းျမတ္၏။
If you fail in this Lord King may your head shatter into seven parts?”
ထုိ႔သုိ႔မျပဳခဲ့ေသာ္ အရွင္မင္းျမတ္၏ ဦးေခါင္းသည္ ခုနစ္စိပ္ခုနစ္ျဖာကဲြေစသတည္း။`
In them by the king’s family said, “My Lord King, will you firmly adhere to the Law which was followed by Mahāsammata, the originator of the line of good Kings in the beginning of the world?
ထုိတြင္-မင္းမ်ိဳးတုိ႔က`အရွင္မင္းႀကီးေရွးဦးစြာကမၻာအစ၌ျဖစ္ေသာမဟာသမၼတမင္းေကာင္း မင္းျမတ္တု႔ိ က်င့္ေတာ္မူေသာတရားကုိ စြဲၿမဲစြာက်င့္ေဆာင္ေတာ္မူပါေလာ့။
My Lord King, will you follow the way of all good kings of this land in not giving way to anger, in promoting the prosperity of all your people, in loving all your people as you love your own children, in guarding the prosperity of all your people, in reckoning your own life as of no more value than theirs?
အရွင္မင္းႀကီးခပ္သိမ္းေသာျပည္ေထာင္မင္းတုိ႔ကုိအမ်က္မလြန္ေစျခင္း၊ခပ္သိမ္းေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိေကာင္းခ်ီး ေျမွာက္ျခင္း၊ခပ္သိမ္းေသာသူတုိ႔အားရင္ေတာ္သားမွ်ခ်စ္သနားျခင္း၊ခပ္သိမ္း ေသာသူတုိ႔စီးပြါးကုိေဆာင္ျခင္း၊ ခပ္သိမ္းေသာသူတုိ႔ အသက္ကုိကုိယ္ေတာ္၏ အသက္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ထင္မွတ္ေတာ္မူပါေလာ့၊
My Lord King, will you perform only actions of honour, say only words of honour, plan only plans of honour?”
အရွင္မင္းႀကီးက်က္သေရရွိေသာအမႈကုိသာျပဳျခင္း၊က်က္သေရရွိေသာစကားကုိသာဆုိျခင္း၊ က်က္သေရရွိေသာလုံ႔လ အႀကံကုိ ႀကံျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိျပဳေတာ္မူပါေလာ့`ဟူ၍ တင္ေလွ်ာက္၏။
By the Court Brahmin then spoke similarly, modifying the formula to say “to love all living creatures as you love your own children, to guard the prosperity of your people as your own and their lives as your own” and adding “will you act to bring honour to the Religion?
ပုဏၰားဝန္ကမူကား၊အထက္ပါစကားရပ္တုိ႔တြင္ခပ္သိမ္းေသာသတၱဝါတုိ႔အားကုိယ့္သားႏွင့္အမွ်ခ်စ္ခင္၍ ျပည္သူတုိ႔၏စီးပြါးကုိ ကုိယ္ေတာ္၏စီးပြါး၊ ျပည္သူတုိ႔၏အသက္ကုိ ကုိယ္ေတာ္၏အသက္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေတာ္မူပါဟူေသာစကားကုိ ယူ၍`သာသနာေတာ္ပြင့္လင္းေအာင္ ျပဳပါေလာ့၊တရားေစာင့္ ျခင္း၊ ပညာရွိစကားကုိ နာလြယ္ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ အၿမဲေစာင့္ထိန္းေတာ္မူ ပါေလာ့`ဟု ျဖည့္စြက္တင္ေလွ်ာက္ သည္။
Will you always hold to the guardianship of the Law and to listening to the words of wise counselors?”
The leader of the wealthy person completed the speech of the minister of Brahmin saying, “In taking the people’s property as taxes, will you take care that it is in accordance with the law that you keep away from people who are worthless and wicked in their ignorance of the Law and that you listen to the advice of wise scholars?”
သူေဌးႀကီးကလည္းပုဏၰားဝန္ယူေသာစကားကုိယူၿမဲယူၿပီးမွ`ျပည့္သူ႔ဥစၥာအခြန္ဘ႑ာခံယူ ရာ၌တရားႏွင့္ေလွ်ာ္ညီေအာင္ ေစာင့္ထိန္းျခင္း၊ တရားမသိၿပိန္ဖ်င္းသြမ္းသြပ္သူတုိ႔ကုိေရွာင္ျခင္း၊ ပ႑ိတ၊လိမၼာေသာသူတုိ႔၏ စကားကုိနာလြယ္ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ ျပဳေတာ္မူပါေလာ့`ဟု ျဖည့္စြက္ တင္ေလွ်ာက္သည္။
When the consecration ceremony continued after these formulae, eight wealthy persons spoke, “Lord King, will you accept the Water of Consecration that we pour out?
အထက္ပါတင္ေလွ်ာက္ခ်က္အဘိသိက္သြန္းအခမ္းအနားအစီအစဥ္ၿပီးေသာ္သူေဌးရွစ္ေယာက္တုိ႔က `အရွင္မင္းႀကီး၊အကၽြန္ဳပ္တုိ႔ သြန္းေသာေရစက္ကုိခံယူေတာ္မူ၍
Will you act according to the precepts that we have spoken? Will you collect from the people’s labour one part in ten as taxes for your use? As you enjoy the rights of kingship, will you guard the people with your law?
အကၽြန္ဳပ္တုိ႔ဆုိေသာစကားအတုိင္းက်င့္ေဆာင္ေတာ္မူ၍ျပည္သူ႔လုပ္ခြန္ဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔ခံယူ စားသုံးေတာ္မူ၍ မင္း၏စည္းစိမ္ကုိ ခံစံၿပီးေသာ္ ျပည္သူကုိတရားသျဖင့္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေတာ္မူ ပါေလာ့။
Lord King, through your acting according to what we have said, benefits will increase, both in the present and through the ages; the royal glory will flourish like the new risen sun and the waxing moon as the days pass.
အရွင္မင္းႀကီး၊ အကၽြန္ဳပ္တုိ႔ဆုိေသာစကားအတုိင္း က်င့္ေတာ္မူပါေသာ္ကား ပစၥဳပၸန္၊သံသရာ ႏွစ္ျဖာေသာအက်ိဳးတက္တုိးေလလွ်က္၊ တက္သစ္ေသာေန၊ဆန္းသစ္ေသာလကဲ့သုိ႔ တစ္ေန႔ တစ္ပါး က်က္သေရေတာ္ပြင့္လင္း၍
All princes of the land will come to bow their heads in full allegiance. Thieves and robbers will keep the peace. The Religion (sāsanā) will be established in brightness, not short of food and drink. While the people bring daily their gifts to the King with their blessings, he will enjoy a life passing the century.
ျပည္ေထာင္မင္းေပါင္း ဦးေခါင္းညႊတ္လာ သဒၶါျပည့္ၿဖိဳး သူခုိးဓါးျပ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းသာယာ သာသနာ ေတာ္တည္ထြန္း၊ ေရစားမျခား၊ မင္းအားျပည္သူ၊ ဆုယူေန႔တုိင္း၊ ေကာင္းခ်ီးေပးလွ်က္၊ သက္ေတာ္ရာေက်ာ္၊ စံေတာ္မူရသည္ ျဖစ္ေစေသာဝ္။ ။
If it is not thus and the kingdom is not set firm according to our words, the consecration oath that is undertaken by good and upright kings is destroyed; on the sphere of the earth great storms fall, the earthquakes, the earth itself splits open and the fires of hell roar out in a blaze, crushing all to powder. Men are destroyed and burned. In rebellions robbers and thieves set up their banners by sunlight and moonlight. Birds of the air, birds of ill-omen, witches, demons, and ghosts come upon the palace; they cause trouble and fear. Cobras and hamadryads are drawn in and devour.” This was the wealthy persons’ pronouncement.
ယင္းသုိ႔မဟုတ္ကၽြနု္ပ္တုိ႔စကားအတုိင္းမတည္၊မင္းေကာင္းမင္းျမတ္တု႔ိဝန္ခံေသာဘိသိက္ သစၥာပ်က္ပေခ်ေသာ္၊ ကမၻာဆူေဝ၊ ေလမုန္တုိင္းဆင္၊ ငလွ်င္ေတာ္လည္း၊ ေျမႀကီးကဲြ၍၊ ငရဲမီးလွ်ံ၊ ဝင္းဝင္းေျပာင္ေျပာင္၊ ေတာက္ေလာင္ေၾကညက္၊ သူပ်က္သူေလာင္၊ ေထာင္ေထာင္ ထားထား၊ ခုိးသားတႏၱ၊ စသည္ေထြေထြ၊ ေနလတံခြန္၊ ငွက္ပ်ံငွက္ယုတ္၊ စုန္းဘုတ္စေစၦ၊ နန္းထက္ေန၍၊ေမႊေမႊလႊန္႔ေျခာက္၊ေႁမြေဟာက္ငန္းက်ား၊တက္၍စားသည္ျဖစ္ေစေသာဝ္`ဟူ ေသာစကားကုိ တင္ေလွ်ာက္ၾကေလ သည္။
This custom of consecrating come from pig, thus, has said like this in the Jætaka- they consecrated Tacchasþkara as their king, making him sit on a fig-tree and sprinkling water on him from a conch shell with its spirals turning clockwise the one the ascetic had used for drinking. Hence, the custom of seating a king on a throne of fig-wood kept up and sprinkling water from a conch shell at his coronation.
Tato pa¥¥hæya uduµvarabhaddapø¥he nisødæpatvæ dakkhi¼æva¥¥a sa³kheva abhisekakara¼aµ pavattaµ.
In the ceremony of consecration that has been described, the ritual speeches offered at the present time to those who had been appointed to the leadership of the people were adapted from and modeled on those with which the people swore their faith and loyalty to the king when Mahāsammata was raised to that rank and carried the same sense.
ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာမုဒၶါဘိသိက္အခမ္းအနားတြင္ထုိေခတ္ထုိအခါကျပည္သူတုိ႔၏ေခါင္းေဆာင္အရာ၌တည္ ကုန္ေသာ သူတုိ႔တင္ေလွ်ာက္ သည့္စကားရပ္တုိ႔သည္မဟာသမၼတေျမွာက္ေသာစနစ္အရ ျပည္သူတုိ႔က ဘုရင္မင္းျမတ္အား ကတိပဋိညာဉ္ေပးေစေသာ သေဘာကုိညႊန္ျပသည္။
The point about collection of taxes according to the Law and listening to the advice of men of the Law derives from the Pā¹i “Dhammena samena rajjaṃ kāroti” “The King should rule in accordance with the Law” which is the ancient customary statement.
တရားႏွင့္အညီအခြန္ေကာက္၍တရားရွိသူတုိ႔၏စကားကုိနာယူေတာ္မူပါဟူေသာတင္ ေလွ်ာက္ခ်က္သည္ `ဓေမၼန သေမန ရဇၨံ ကေရာတိ`ဟူေသာပါဠိႏွင့္အညီ မင္းျပဳေတာ္မူ ပါဟူေသာ ေရွးထုံးစဥ္လာစကားရပ္၌အက်ဳံးဝင္ၿပီးျဖစ္သည္။
This being so, why should it be necessary to elaborate the observance of the Law in collecting the people’s wealth in taxes or the avoidance of worthless and foolish people or paying heed to the advice of the intelligent?
သုိ႔ပါလွ်က္ျပည္သူ႔ဥစၥာအခြန္ဘ႑ာခံယူရာ၌တရားႏွင့္အညီေစာင့္ထိန္းျခင္း၊တရားမသိၿပိန္ ဖ်င္း သြမ္းသြပ္တုိ႔ကုိေရွာင္ျခင္း၊ လိမၼာသူတုိ႔၏စကားကုိနာလြယ္ျခင္း ဟူေသာဝိတၳာရတုိ႔ကုိ အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္တင္ေလွ်ာက္ၾကပါသနည္း။
We can say that it was said in the hope that in future circumstances it might be used to bring out points where reform might be called for.
ဤအခ်က္ကုိဆန္းစစ္လွ်င္ေနာက္ထပ္ျပဳျပင္စရာအခ်က္အလက္တုိ႔ကုိရည္သန္၍တင္ေလွ်ာက္ျခင္းျဖစ္ သည္ဟု ဆုိရေပလိမ့္မည္။
Considering what has been said above as the general ideas of the western nations developed, the notion that the rights of royalty were the gift of an eternal God was overturned.
အထက္ပါစကားတုိ႔ကုိေထာက္ခ်င့္ေသာ္အေနာက္နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔နုိင္ငံေရးအေတြးအေခၚဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးလာေသာအခါ ထာဝရဘုရားေပးသည့္ အခြင့္အေရးဟူေသာအယူအဆကုိေတာ္လွန္၍
The belief that a popular assembly should undertake to be the guarantor of a contract of mutual observance between the State and the People became accepted and this was the general trend of affairs.
နုိင္ငံႏွင့္ျပည္သူတုိ႔အညမညကတိကဝတ္ပဋိညာဉ္ျပဳၾကသည္ဟူေသာလူအဖြဲ႔အစည္းပဋိ ညာဉ္ ဟူေသာအယူအဆကုိလက္ခံလာ ၾကသည့္သေဘာသြားႏွင့္ထပ္တူထပ္မွ်ျဖစ္သည္။
The idea of the popular assembly as the guarantor was propounded 400 years before the Christian era by the famous philosopher named Plato and his writings have been studied ever since his time.
ထုိလူ႔အဖြဲ႔အစည္းပဋိညာဉ္ဝါဒကုိခရစ္မေပၚမီနွစ္ေပါင္းေလးရာအထက္ကထြန္းကားေသာ ဒႆနိကဆရာႀကီး ပေလတုိေခတ္က စ၍ပင္လွ်င္ သူတုိ႔စိတ္ဝင္စားခဲ့ၾကသည္။
In England in the kingdom of Wessex in about 920 AD, a form of oath is found: “Lord King! If you guard and protect us suitably to our needs, we shall maintain our faith and loyalty to you.”
အဂၤလန္နုိင္ငံဝကၠစနယ္တြင္နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ခရစ္ႏွစ္(၉၂၀)ေလာက္ကအသုံးျပဳေသာက်မ္းက်ိန္စာတုိ႔တြင္ `အရွင္မင္းႀကီး၊အရွင္မင္းႀကီးသည္အကၽြနု္ပ္ကုိအကၽြနု္ပ္ႏွင့္ထုိက္တန္ေအာင္ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ေသာ္ အကၽြနု္ပ္သည္ အရွင့္ေက်းဇူးသစၥာကုိ ေစာင့္သိရုိေသ ပါမည္`ဟူေသာ က်မ္းက်ိန္စာတစ္ရပ္ကုိ ေတြ႔ရသည္။
The drift of this recorded oath was to set up the popular assembly to the end that the king and the people might be bound by a mutual commitment.
ဤက်မ္းက်ိန္စာ၏သေဘာသြားမွာလူ႔အဖြဲ႔အစည္းတစ္ရပ္ထူေထာင္ရန္အလုိ႔ငွာရွင္ဘုရင္ႏွင့္တုိင္းသူ ျပည္သားတုိ႔အခ်င္းခ်င္း အျပန္အလွန္ကတိကဝတ္ျပဳၾကသည့္သေဘာျဖစ္သည္။
This guarantee from the existence of a popular assembly was proposed in 1250 by St. Thomas Aquinas in 1690 by John Locke, in 1748 by David Hume and in 1776 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in various works.
ဤဝါဒကုိ ခရစ္ႏွစ္(၁၂၅၀)ျပည့္တြင္ စိန္႔ေသာမန္အကြိနပ္စ္ကလည္းေကာင္း၊ခရစ္ႏွစ္ ၁၆၉၀ ျပည့္တြင္ဂၽြန္ေလာ့ခ္ကလည္းေကာင္း၊ (၁၇၄၈)ခုႏွစ္တြင္ေဒးဗစ္ဟူးမ္ကလည္းေကာင္း၊(၁၇၇၆)ခုႏွစ္တြင္ရူဆုိးကလည္းေကာင္း၊ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးဋီကာဖြင့္၍ ျပဆုိခဲ့ၾကသည္။
Thus, this principle little by little grew firmer and came to prevail.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ထုိဝါဒသည္ တစ္ဆင့္ၿပီးတစ္ဆင့္ ဖံြ႔ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္၍ျပန္႔ပြါးလာခဲ့သည္။
In our country, from the time when the civilizing influence of the Buddhist religion entered Burma the legend of the elevation of Mahāsammata was accepted.
ကၽြန္ုပ္တုိ႔အဖုိ႔မွာကားျမန္မာနုိင္ငံသုိ႔ဗုဒၶသာသနာ့ယဥ္ေက်းမႈပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႔လာသည္ကစ၍မဟာသမၼတ မင္းေျမွာက္ျခင္းဝါဒကုိ လက္ခံလာ ခဲ့ၾကသည္။
Nevertheless, if it is looked at against the times when the people of the country made no advance the kings who ruled forgot the principle and habitually identified government only with power as they drew in sustenance from the people of the land.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္တုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔ တုိးတက္မႈမရွိေသာအခ်ိန္အခါႏွင့္တုိက္ဆုိင္ေနပါလွ်င ္စုိးမုိးေသာမင္းတုိ႔သည္ ထုိဝါဒကုိေမ့ေလ်ာ့ ၿပီးလွ်င္ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာဟူသမွ်ကုိတုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔ထံမွ သိမ္းယူေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။
For a good example of this accumulation of power by ruling princes, the lineage of the Candaravaṃsa (Lunar) and of the Ādiccavaṃsa (Solar) races devoted themselves to their own glory.
ဤသုိ႔အာဏာသိမ္းရာတြင္စုိးမုိးေသာမင္းတုိ႔သည္အေၾကာင္းျပလွေလေအာင္၊စၿႏၵဝံသလမင္း၏ အႏြယ္ျဖစ္သည္ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ အာဒိစၥဝံသေနမင္း၏အႏြယ္ျဖစ္သည္ဟူ၍လည္း ေကာင္း၊ မိမိတုိ႔ကုိယ္ကုိ မိမိတုိ႔ သိဒၶိတင္ၾကသည္။
There were some kings even who received the title of Bodhisattva.
အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာမင္းတုိ႔ကား ေဗာဓိသတ္ဟူေသာဘြဲ႔ကုိပင္လွ်င္ခံယူၾကသည္။
When things got to this point, it was getting pretty close to the European idea of a right conferred by an eternal God.
ဤအဆစ္အပုိင္းသုိ႔ေရာက္ေသာအခါဥေရာပတုိက္၏အေတြးအေခၚျဖစ္ေသာထာဝရဘုရား ေပးသည့္ အခြင့္အေရးဝါဒမ်ိဳးႏွင့္ ခပ္ဆင္ဆင္ျဖစ္လာၾကျပန္သည္။
