၁း ၁၂။ ဆယ့္ေလးဌာနအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး
We have shown above how King Mindon devised the system in which the four ministers controlled the four departments into which government business was divided.
မင္းတုန္းမင္းႀကီးသည္ေဝပုံက်ေလးဌာနခြဲ၍ဝန္ႀကီးေလးပါးျဖင့္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာစနစ္ကုိတီထြင္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေရွးကျပဆုိခဲ့သည္။
However, only a part of the royal power was actually handed over to the four departments.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္အဆုိပါေလးဌာနအားဘုရင္မင္းျမတ္၏အာဏာအခ်ိဳ႕ကုိအၿပီးအပုိင္အပ္ႏွင္းလုိက္သည္မဟုတ္ေခ်။
The four ministers who were at the head of these four departments were only established in a right to be consulted.
ေဝပုံက်ေလးဌာကုိဦးစီးရေသာဝန္ႀကီးေလးပါးတုိ႔သည္အတုိင္ပင္ခံအရာ၌သာတည္ရွိၾကသည္။
Now, when King Thībaw had just come to the throne it seemed that there was an excellent opportunity for changing the system of government.
ယခုသီေပါမင္းနန္းတက္လာေသာအခါအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးစနစ္ကုိျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲရန္ခ်က္ေကာင္းတစ္ခုေပၚလာခဲ့ ေလသည္။
Therefore the plans for government gradually expanded.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးစနစ္သည္ တစ္ဆင့္တုိးတက္လာျပန္သည္။
The distribution of business between fourteen departments was a separate decision taken at the meeting in the North Garden in 1240 (1878).
၁၂၄၀)ျပည့္ႏွစ္သီတင္းကၽြတ္လတြင္ေတာင္ဥယ်ာဥ္အစည္းအေဝးကေဝပုံက်ဌာနဆယ့္ေလးရပ္ကုိပုိင္းျခား သတ္မွတ္လုိက္သည္ဟုဆုိသည္။
The fourteen departments were what are now called “Ministries”.
ေဝပုံက်ဌာနဆုိသည္မွာ ယခုေခတ္အေခၚ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနျဖစ္သည္။
They were –
ယင္းဆယ့္ေလးဌာနတုိ႔သည္ကား-
1. Agriculture ၁။ လယ္ယာဌာန။
2. Handwork industries ၂။ လက္အလုပ္ဌာန။
3. Land warfare ၃။ ကုန္းေၾကာင္းစစ္ဌာန။
4. Taxation ၄။ အေကာက္ခြန္ဌာန။
5. Religious knowledge ၅။ သာသနာပညာဌာန။
6. Purisamedha ၆။ ပုရိသေမဓဌာန။
7. Sassamedha ၇။ သႆေမဓဌာန။
8. Criminal Justice ၈။ ရာဇဝတ္ဌာန။
9. Civil Justice ၉။ တရားဌာန။
10. Water-borne warfare ၁၀။ ေရေၾကာင္းစစ္ဌာန။
11. Foreign Affairs ၁၁။ နုိင္ငံျခားဌာန။
12. Partnerships ၁၂။ တြဲဖက္ရုံးဌာန။
13. Town and village affairs ၁၃။ ၿမိဳ႕ေရးရြာမႈဌာန။
14. Mechanized industries ၁၄။ စက္အလုပ္ ဌာနဟူ၍ျဖစ္ေလသည္။
If we look at how in modern times, ministries are formed, we shall be able to recognise these fourteen departments.
ယခုေခတ္ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံႏွင့္တုိက္ဆုိင္ၾကည့္လွ်င္အထက္ပါဆယ့္ေလးဌာနကုိခဲြျခားသိသာနုိင္လိမ့္မည္။
But I believe that it will be best to give a clear explanation of the old usages and an explanation follows.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္ေရွးေခတ္အသုံးအႏႈန္းအခ်ိဳ႕ကုိရွင္းလင္းျပရန္လုိမည္ထင္၍ရွင္းလင္းျပလုိက္သည္။
The department dealing with “Handwork industries” is that which dealt with public building works.
လက္အလုပ္ဌာနဟူသည္မွာယခုေခတ္ျပည္သူ႔အေဆာက္အအုံလုပ္ငန္းဌာနမ်ိဳးပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
What is now called the “Defense Department” is that which was called “Land warfare” and it now includes “Water-borne warfare” which was then separate.
ယခုေခတ္ေခၚအရကာကြယ္ေရးဌာနကုိေရွးေခတ္ကကုန္းေၾကာင္းစစ္ဌာနဟူေသာၾကည္းတပ္ႏွင့္ေရေၾကာင္း စစ္ဌာနဟူေသာ ေရတပ္ဟူ၍ ခဲြျခားထားသည္။
The duty of the “Human Resources” department (purisamedha) was that of supervising the King’s personal estates.
ပုရိသေမဓဌာန၏တာဝန္မွာ ဘုရင္ပုိင္ေျမယာတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးၾကပ္ရေသာတာဝန္ျဖစ္သည္။
The “Crop Resources” department had responsibilities, from the time of King Mindon, that were much the same as those of the king’s treasury.
သႆေမဓဌာနကားမင္းတုန္းမင္းေခတ္ကေရႊတုိက္ဌာနႏွင့္သေဘာသြားခ်င္းအတူတူပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
In modern times it would be referred to as the Treasury.
ယခုေခတ္အေခၚႏွင့္ေျပာရမည္ဆုိလွ်င္ ဘ႑ာေရးဌာနဟူ၍ပင္ေျပာရလိမ့္မည္။
The “Foreign Affairs Department” still dealt with foreign affairs but the department dealing with “Partnerships” was then separate.
နုိင္ငံျခားဌာနမွာနုိင္ငံျခားေရးဌာနပင္ျဖစ္သည္။သုိ႔ေသာ္တြဲဖက္ရုံးဌာနဟူ၍သီးသန္႔တစ္ဌာနရွိေနသည္။
Its duties were to deal with legal cases involving foreigners in co-operation with the Agent of the appropriate foreign country.
ထုိဌာန၏တာဝန္မွာနုိင္ငံျခားသားတုိ႔၏မႈခင္းမ်ားကုိနုိင္ငံျခားအစုိးရကုိယ္စားလွယ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္တြဲဖက္၍စီရင္ရ ေသာတာဝန္ျဖစ္သည္။
In particular, at this time when a British subject was the subject of a criminal case in a foreign country the British had the right of an extraterritorial jurisdiction in association with the local authorities.
အထူးသျဖင့္ၿဗိတိသွ်တုိ႔သည္ထုိေခတ္ကသူတစ္ပါးနုိင္ငံအတြင္း၌ၿဗိတိသွ်နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ျပစ္မႈက်ဴးလြန္သည့္ အခါထုိျပစ္မႈတုိ႔ကုိ၎တုိ႔ကုိယ္တုိင္ပါဝင္တြဲဖက္၍စီရင္နုိင္ငံခြင့္ဟူေသာနုိင္ငံအပအခြင့္အေရးကုိရယူထား သည္။
This was the origin of the “Partnership” department.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ တြဲဖက္ရုံးဌာနဟု ေပၚေပါက္ရျခင္းျဖစ္၏။
The “Town and Village Affairs” department was the department concerned with the administration and control of territories outside of the capital area.
ၿမိဳ႕ေရးရြာမႈဌာနမွာေရႊၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္မွအပျဖစ္ေသာနယ္ပယ္ေဒသ၏စီရင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈႏွင့္ဆုိင္ေသာဌာနျဖစ္သည္။
The remit of the “Mechanised Industries” department was that of the present “Department of Industries”.
စက္အလုပ္ဌာနကား ယခုေခတ္စက္မႈလက္မႈဌာနႏွင့္ အလားတူပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
Once the division of government functions between the fourteen departments had been devised the meetings of the parliament took a different shape.
ထုိေဝပုံက်ဆယ့္ေလးဌာနအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးကုိတီထြင္လုိက္ေသာအခါလႊတ္ေတာ္စည္းေဝးပုံစည္းေဝးနည္းတုိ႔သည္ ေျပာင္းလဲလာခဲ့ရသည္။
Formerly the parliament held three sessions in the day -- the morning session, the midday session and the evening session.
ေရွးအခါကလႊတ္ေတာ္အစည္းအေဝးဆုိသည္မွာနံနက္ညီလာခံ၊ေန႔ညီလာခံ၊ညညီလာခံဟူ၍သုံးႀကိမ္စည္း ေဝးေသာ ညီလာခံအစည္းအေဝးပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
In the new arrangement ministers did not attend to make individual decisions as the minister of the parliament had done.
ထုိအစည္းအေဝးတုိ႔တြင္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာအစည္းအေဝးဝင္မွဴးမတ္ဟူ၍သီးျခားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္း မရွိေခ်။
Rather, the sessions were called on the lines of western countries’ Parliaments.
ယခုအခါမွာမူကားအေနာက္နုိင္ငံပါလီမန္အစည္းအေဝးမ်ား၏အတုကုိယူၿပီးလွ်င္အစည္းအေဝးက်င္းပၾက သည္။
According to the MMOS there were sixty-four officials who attended the meetings of the parliament.
ျမန္မာမင္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံစာတမ္းအရဆုိလွ်င္လႊတ္ေတာ္အစည္းအေဝးဝင္မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔မွာ(၆၄)ဦးရွိသည္။
These officials were divided into three grades in accordance with Abihnaµ sannipætæ those who attended the first level, the second level and the third level meetings.
ထုိမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ကုိပထမအစည္းအေဝးဝင္၊ဒုတိယအစည္းအေဝးဝင္၊တတိယအစည္းအေဝးဝင္ဟူ၍သုံးမ်ိဳးခြဲျခား သတ္မွတ္ထား၏။
The first level was for the ministers, the secretary of a government ministerial department or the minister of the interior (in the days of Myanmar monarchy) and the officer who assisted the parliament ministers in the days of Myanmar dings or gazette officer of sub-divisional rank in colonial days who had the prime responsibility
ပထမအစည္းအေဝးသုိ႔တာဝန္ခံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ရေသာဝန္ႀကီး၊အတြင္းဝန္၊ဝန္ေထာက္တုိ႔တက္ၾကရသည္။
According to the MMOS it was a meeting of fifteen officers.
ျမန္မာမင္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံစာတမ္းအရ ပထမအစည္းအေဝးဝင္ဦးေရမွာ (၁၅) ဦးျဖစ္သည္။
Since the business of government had been divided between fourteen ministries it seems that this should have been fourteen officers.
ေဝပုံက်ဆယ့္ေလးဌာနခြဲေဝသည္ကုိ ေထာက္ရႈလွ်င္ (၁၄) ဦးသာျဖစ္သင့္သည္။
The second level meeting was held between members of the group of executive ministers, such as the ministers of Cavalry, the ministers of trade and commerce and the Infantry ministers.
ဒုတိယအစည္းအေဝးဝင္တုိ႔မွာျမင္းစုဝန္၊အသည္ဝန္၊သူရဲဝန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာႀကီးေသာဝန္စုမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
The third level meetings were attended by the officers guarding the palace compound, army officers and always, the officer guarding the palace’s Red Gate.
တတိယအစည္းအေဝးဝင္တြင္ဝင္းမွဴးမ်ား၊စစ္ဗုိလ္မ်ားႏွင့္အယုတ္သျဖင့္တံခါးနီေတာ္မွဴးတုိ႔ပါပါဝင္ၾကသည္။
Officials attending these three levels of meetings had the responsibility of making laws.
ထုိအစည္းအေဝးသုံးရပ္ဝင္မွဴးမတ္အေပါင္းတုိ႔၌ ဥပေဒျပဳရန္တာဝန္ရွိသည္။
Therefore all these officials can be compared with the old parliament ministers. They were not, however, appointed by popular election.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ထုိအစည္းအေဝးဝင္မွဴးမတ္အေပါင္းတုိ႔ကုိဥပေဒျပဳလႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မ်ားႏွင့္ႏႈိင္းခုိင္းနုိင္သည္။
They were not, however, appointed by popular election.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္ ထုိမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ ျပည္သူတုိ႔ကေရြးခ်ယ္လုိက္ေသာ မွဴးမတ္မ်ားမဟုတ္ေခ်။
Among the chief pieces of legislation instituted during the reign of King Thibaw we find the Law of the Assembly.
သီေပါမင္းလက္ထက္ျပဌာန္းေသာဥပေဒစာရင္းတုိ႔တြင္အစည္းအေဝးဥပေဒဟူ၍ေတြ႔ရသည္။
This law was passed as a regulation by the three sections of the parliament that we have described.
ထုိဥပေဒသည္အထက္ပါဥပေဒျပဳလႊတ္ေတာ္အစည္းအေဝးသုံးရပ္ကုိစည္းကမ္းသတ္မွတ္ေပးေသာဥပေဒ ျဖစ္တန္ရာသည္။
