၁း ၁၄။ အာဏာရွင္စနစ္၏မူလဇာစ္ျမစ္
In the time after the British had annexed one part and another of the Kingdom of Burma the population of Upper Burma was much reduced .
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံကုိအဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔တစ္စတစ္စသိမ္းပုိက္ၿပီးေနာက္တြင္အထက္ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံ၌လူဦးေရဆုတ္ယုတ္ လာသည္။
When we considered this circumstance even though the English were a different people he had always to keep in mind the Three Rules for dealing with under population in a country that are given in the Tika Nipāta of A³guttara Nikāya scripture.
ဤအျခင္းအရာတုိ႔ကုိဆင္ျခင္ေသာအခါအဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္လူမ်ိဳးျခားပင္ျဖစ္လင့္ကစားတိကနိပါတ္၊ အဂၤုတၱိဳရ္ ပါဠိေတာ္၌လာေသာလူ႔ျပည္၌လူနည္းေၾကာင္းတရားသုံးပါးကုိေကာင္းစြာသတိထားေလ့ရွိသည္ကုိေတြ႔ျမင္ လာသည္။
They are:
1. Incestuous lusts for women of one's close kindred and desire for twenty other types of women and such transgressions are called Adhammarāga (wrongful desires).
တရားသုံးပါးဟူသည္-(၁)မိေထြး၊မိႀကီး၊အရီး၊သူ႔မယားစေသာမတပ္မက္အပ္ေသာမိန္းမတုိ႔၌တပ္ျခင္း၊ အျခားသူတုိ႔၏မယား၊မာတုရကၡိတစေသာႏွစ္ဆယ္ကုန္ေသာမိန္းမတုိ႔၌သြားလာလြန္က်ဴးျခင္းဟူေသာ ´အဓမၼရာဂ´။
2. Dishonest gains taken by cunning tricks that are beyond one’s due or taken by oppressive means are called Visamalobha (unfair profit).
(၂)မိမိရယူသင့္၊ရယူထုိက္သည္သာမက၊မယူသင့္၊မရသင့္သည္ကုိေကာက္က်စ္စဥ္းလဲ၍ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ႏွိပ္စက္လႊမ္းမုိး၍ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္းရေအာင္ယူလုိျခင္း´၀ိသမေလာဘ´။
3. The master's duty, the servant's duty, the teacher's duty, the pupil's duty, the husband's duty, the wife's duty, all such duties are set out in the Siṅgāla Sutta and they are to be followed. The fault that lies in not following them is called Micchādhamma (wrong course of life).
(၃)သခင္၀တ္၊ကၽြတ္၀တ္၊ဆရာ၀တ္၊တပည့္၀တ္၊လင္၀တ္၊မယား၀တ္အစရွိကုန္ေသာသိဂၤါလသုတ္စသည္ တုိ႔၌ေဟာေတာ္မူအပ္ကုန္ေသာလူတုိ႔က်င့္အပ္၊က်င့္ေကာင္းေသာက်င့္၀တ္သိကၡာပုဒ္တုိ႔ကုိမက်င့္ျခင္းဟူ ေသာ မွားေသာ´မိစၧာဓမၼ´။တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
On normal considerations we should only have regard to the fact that the English, after they had taken over Lower Burma, had worked to spread prosperity by governing in accordance with laws and by raising up the people by establishing new lands for them and in this had outdone the Burmese rule.
သာမန္အားျဖင့္စဥ္းစားလွ်င္အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ေအာက္ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံကုိသိမ္းပုိက္ၿပီးသည့္ေနာက္တရားဥပေဒ ႏွင့္အညီအုပ္စုိးျခင္းျဖင့္ၿငိမ္ဝပ္ပိျပားေရးကုိေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊နယ္သစ္ထူေထာင္သူတုိ႔အားခ်ီးေျမွာက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ စီးပြါးေရးဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးေအာင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္းဟူေသာ ျမန္မာ့အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးႏွင့္ အၿပိဳင္အဆုိင္ ျပဳသည့္လုပ္ငန္းကုိသာ ျမင္ရေပလိမ့္မည္။
However as we considered these facts and their basic causes determined that the system of rule set up by the Kings of Burma was pervaded by lawless passion corrupt gains and false beliefs.
အရင္းစစ္အျမစ္ေျမကဟူေသာအခ်က္ကုိထုတ္ေဖၚစဥ္းစားလုိက္ေသာအခါျမန္မာဘုရင္တုိ႔၏စီရင္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး၌ အဓမၼရာဂ၊ ဝိသမေလာဘ၊ မိစၦာဓမၼတုိ႔ပါဝင္လွ်က္ရွိေၾကာင္းကုိ ဆင္ျခင္မိေလသည္။
The cause of this had to be thought about.
ဤကားအေျခခံတာရားတုိ႔ကုိ ႏႈိက္ႏႈိက္ခၽြတ္ခၽြတ္ ႀကံဆျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
Coming to the truth, the fact was that the principles that had been followed for more than 2400 years were principles that only fitted their original time.
အေျခခံတရားတုိ႔မွန္လာလွ်င္ထုိတရားတုိ႔သည္ႏွစ္ေပါင္း(၂၄၀၀)အထက္ကေပၚခဲ့ေသာတရားပင္ျဖစ္ေစကာ မူ မ်က္ေမွာက္ေခတ္ႏွင့္ဟပ္မိသည္ခ်ည္းသာျဖစ္သည္။
In discussing the war of words between King of Devas and the Asuræ Lord Vepacitti, he considered the opinion “fools are checked by violent punishment”. It rejected this view. The governing rule of the Asuræ Vepacitti and his legal principle was that to put an end to criminality, the imposition of severe punishment was needed.
သိၾကားမင္းႏွင့္ ေဝပစိတၱိအသုရာမင္းတုိ႔စကားစစ္ထုိးၾကရာ`ဗာလံ-လူမုိက္ကုိ၊ဘူေသန-ျပင္းထန္ေသာ၊ ဒေ႑နဒုက္ျဖင့္၊နိသဓေယတားျမစ္ရာ၏`ဟူေသာေဝပစိတၱိအသုရာ၏အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးႏွင့္တရားစီရင္ေရး ဝါဒကားရာဇဝတ္ျပစ္မႈတုိ႔ကုိတားျမစ္ရန္ျပင္းထန္ေသာဒဏ္ကုိခတ္ရမည့္ ဝါဒျဖစ္သည္။
In the time of King Mindon this would have been the view that was in vogue.
မင္းတုန္းမင္း၏ေခတ္တြင္ ထုိဝါဒသာလွ်င္ေခတ္စားသည္။
King of Devas’s view with which he attacked it was not as yet well-known.
ထုိဝါဒကုိအတုိက္အခံျပဳေသာ သိၾကားမင္း၏ဝါဒသည္ မထြန္းကားေသး။
It is not possible for ideas that belong to a later time to come to birth.
ေခတ္၏ေရွ႕သုိ႔ေရာက္ေနေသာအေတြးအေခၚတုိ႔ကုိထုိေခတ္ကသေဘာေပါက္ၾကလိ္မ့္မည္မဟုတ္။
Still, from the point of view of today it is hard for progressive nations to hold to the opinion of the Asuræ Vepacitti.
သုိ႔ေသာ္ယေန႔အဖုိ႔ကားတုိးတက္ေသာနုိင္ငံတုိ႔သည္ေဝပစိတၱိအသုရာ၏ဝါဒကုိလက္ခံရန္ခဲယဥ္းလွ်က္ ရွိေနၾကသည္။
Thus, because of these three vile principles the three types of extermination come upon the people their towns fall into ruin and revert to forest.
ဤသုိ႔ယုတ္မာေသာတရားသုံးပါးေၾကာင့္လူကုန္ခမ္းျခင္းျဖစ္၍ၿမိဳ႕ရြာတုိ႔ပ်က္စီးၿပီးလွ်င္ေတာျဖစ္ၾကကုန္၏။
During the reign of King Hsinbyushin of Hanthawadø in Burma, his armies drawn just from Burmese and Mon territories for the expedition against Thailand included between forty and fifty divisions of 12,000 men each, besides those left to guard the kingdom,.
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ပင္ဟံသာဝတီဆင္ျဖဴရွင္မင္းလက္ထက္ၿမိဳ႕ရြာကုိအေစာင့္ထားသည့္အျပင္၊ျမန္မာတုိင္း၊ မြန္တုိင္းႏွစ္တုိင္းမွ်ႏွင့္ယုိးဒယားကုိခ်ီရာခ်ီရာတစ္ေသာင္းႏွစ္ေထာင္တပ္ေပါင္း(၄၀)ေက်ာ္ ၅၀) ခန္႔ပါသည္။
When Your Majesty's great grandfather, the founder of Amarapþra, marched against Thailand his armies amounted to forty divisions of 10,000 men.
အမရပူရၿမိဳ႕တည္ဘီေတာ္မင္းႀကီးလက္ထက္ယုိးဒယားကုိခ်ီရာတစ္ေသာင္းတပ္ေပါင္း(၄၀) ပါသည္။
In 1857 CE the number of separate households in the Shan country was 400,000; today only just over 200,000 are left.
ခမည္းေတာ္မင္းႀကီးလက္ထက္သကၠရာဇ္(၁၂၁၉)ခုႏွစ္၊ရွမ္းျပည္အလြတ္အိမ္ေျခေလးသိန္းရွိသည္။ ယခုႏွစ္သိန္းေက်ာ္ခန္႔သာက်န္သည္။
In the time of Your Majesty's great grandfather, the founder of Amarapþra, in the four quarters of the city and its four suburbs, there were 70.000 houses, but only 40,000 were left in the reign of his great grandfather.
အမရပူရၿမိဳ႕တည္ဘီေတာ္မင္းႀကီးလက္ထက္အမရပူရၿမိဳ႕ေလးျပင္ေလးရပ္မွာအိမ္ေျခခုနစ္ ေသာင္းရွိသည္။ ဘုိးေတာ္မင္းလက္ထက္ ေလးေသာင္းသာက်န္သည္။
When Your Majesty's father moved his capital to Mandalay, there were no more than about 20,000 left.
ခမည္းေတာ္မင္းလက္ထက္ မႏၱေလးၿမိဳ႕သုိ႔ေျပာင္းရာ ႏွစ္ေသာင္းခန္႔သာက်န္သည္။
During the time of the Burmese kings’ rule over the three districts of one division the taxation register was 70,000, worth about K-1,000,000. At present, the collection is K-10,400,000.
မြန္တုိင္းသုံးရပ္မွာျမန္မာမင္းတုိ႔အစုိးရစဥ္အေကာက္အခြန္ခုနစ္ေသာင္းဒဂၤါးတစ္သန္းခန္႔သာရသည္။ ယခုအခါအေကာက္အခြန္ဒဂၤါး တစ္ကုေဋေလးသိန္းရသည္။
It is because of those deplorable three principles that our towns and villages are being destroyed and it must be the constant object of our kings and their ministers to devote all their efforts to their eradication. It is right that they should be suppressed.
ဤယုတ္မာေသာတရားသုုံးပါးေၾကာင့္ၿမိဳ႕ျပ၊ျပည္ရြာပ်က္စီးျခင္းမ်ားကုိမင္း၊မွဴးမတ္၊အစုိးရသူတုိ႔ၿမဲၿမဲစြဲစြဲ ႏွလုံးထား၍ဤတရားသုံးပါးမျဖစ္ရေလေအာင္ အားထုတ္လွ်က္ ႏွိပ္ကြပ္သင့္သည္။
Places that have no regular market or town wall are called Gæma in Pæ¹i, which translates as “village”.
ေစ်းႏွင့္ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးမရွိေသာအရပ္သည္ ဂါမမည္၏။ `ရြာ` ဆုိလုိသည္။
If it has only a market but no town wall it is referred to as Nigama.
ေစ်းသာရွိ၍ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးမရွိလွ်င္ နိဂမ `နိဂုမ္း`မည္၏။
With both market and town wall it becomes Nagara or “city”.
ေစ်းႏွင့္ၿမိဳ႕ႏွစ္ခုရွိလွ်င္ နဂရ `ၿမိဳ႕`မည္၏။
A city in which a king resides is Ræja¥hænø; one in which no king lives is Sækhanagara.
ထုိၿမိဳ႕၌မင္းေနလွ်င္ `ရာဇဌာနီ` ဟုေခၚသည္။ မင္းမေနလွ်င္ `သာခနဂရ`ေခၚသည္။
A place in which people of a single classification live together is Janapada, though it may also be called Ra¥¥ha which means “division”.
လူမ်ိဳးတစ္မ်ိဳးေပါင္းစု၍ေနေသာအရပ္ကုိဇနပဒ`ဇနပုဒ္`၍လည္းေကာင္း၊`ရ႒`ဟူ၍လည္း ေကာင္းေခၚသည္။`တုိင္း`ဆုိလုိသည္။
The Burmese quarter, the Mon quarter and the Thailand quarter are all Janapada.
ျမန္မာတုိင္း၊မြန္တုိင္း၊ယုိးဒယားတုိင္းဟူသည္မ်ားလည္း `ဇနပဒ`မ်ားပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
A territory over which a king has the sole rule is called Rajja, which has the meaning of “country”.
ဘုရင္တစ္ပါးအစုိးရသမွ်နယ္ေျမကုိ `ရဇၨ`ေခၚသည္။ `နုိင္ငံ`ဆုိလုိသည္။
