1.The seven rules of aparihāniya by which the well-being of a kingdom is to be increased
The Mahāparinibbāna Sutta of Mahāvagga or Sattakanipāta of Anguttaranikaya scripture sets out as follows the seven rules of Aparihāniya through which the prosperity of Princes is to be increased, the well-being of the Excellent Order to be improved and the wealth of a country is to be made to grow without any falling away.
မင္းတုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးစီးပါြး၊ သာသနာေတာ္ျမတ္၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး၊ တုိင္းက်ိဳးျပည္က်ိဳး မဆုတ္မယုတ္ တုိးပြါးရာ တုိးပြါးေၾကာင္း ျဖစ္ေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇) ပါးကုိ သုတ္မဟာ၀ါပါဠိေတာ္ မဟာပရိနိဗၺာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂. ၆၂ (သတၱကနိပါတ္ ၃.၀ဇၨီသတၱက၀ဂ္ ၁.သာရႏၵဒသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂. ၄၀၇) ၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။ ေဟာေတာ္မူပုံကား -
“It fell to me, ānanda the Elder, to hear and to note down what was going to be said. At that time the most Excellent Lord was living in Vesālī, in the monastery that had been built on the ground of the spirit named Sārandade.
In the time when He was living there, many of the Licchavī Princes came to this monastery named for Sārandade in which the Lord was carrying on His practice of Religion and came to the place where He was.
They greeted Him with great respect and seated themselves properly. Once the Liccavī Princes were seated, the Most Excellent Lord addressed them, saying:--
အခါတစ္ပါး၌ ဘုရားရွင္သည္ ေ၀သာလီျပည္ သာရႏၵဒနတ္ကြန္း၀ယ္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ ထားေသာေက်ာင္း၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနထုိင္ ေတာ္မူစဥ္ လိစၧ၀ီမင္းသားအမ်ားစုသည္ ဘုရားရွင္ထံလာေရာက္ရွိခုိးကာ အဆင္ေျပသင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာေနရာတြင္ ထုိင္ေနၾက ကုန္၏။
“Princes of the Licchavī, there are seven rules of aparihāniya which can never be lost and these I shall tell you. Listen carefully to what I shall say and hold it in your hearts.” When the Lord had spoken thus, He thought and the Licchavī princes sat before Him and listened carefully. The Lord then went on: “Licchavī Princes, if you ask what are the seven rules, they are these:
မင္းသားတုိ႔! ငါသည္ မင္းသားတုိ႔ကုိ မဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစႏိုင္ေသာ ဓမၼ (၇) ရပ္ကုိ ေဟာေျပာျပမယ္။ မင္းတုိ႔ ေလးေလးစားစားနဲ႔ စိတ္ပါလက္ပါ နားေထာင္ၾကပါ ဟု မိန္႔ေတာ္မူေသာ္ မင္းသားတုိ႔သည္ မွန္ပါ၊ေကာင္းပါၿပီဘုရားဟု ၀န္ခံစကား ျပန္ေျပာကာ ရုိရုိေသေသ နားေထာင္ၾက ကုန္၏။ ဘုရားရွင္သည္ ဤသုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာျပေတာ္မူ၏။
လိစၧ၀ီမင္းသားတု႔ိ မဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစႏိုင္ေသာ ဓမၼ (၇) ရပ္ဆုိတာ ဘာလဲ?
1. The Licchavī Princes and the Vajjī people will meet together as needed and for so long as may be needed. They will meet and consult for long hours if necessary. So long as time is devoted to meeting and consultation, the well-being of the Licchavī princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၁။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ အၿမဲမျပတ္စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္ျခင္း၊ စည္းေ၀းရန္ ရွိသမွ်ကုိ အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ တုိင္ပင္ျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေန သေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိးတက္ျခင္း သာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.There is no question of one man alone dealing with the affairs of the Religion or of the State, once, twice, or thrice in a day. Consultation and discussion are essential.
The meaning is that if affairs call for meeting for discussion twice, thrice or even more times, the meeting must be held.
တေန႔လွ်င္ ႏွစ္ႀကိမ္လည္းေကာင္း သုံးႀကိမ္လည္းေကာင္းသာသနာမႈ၊တုိင္းမႈ၊ျပည္မႈ တုိ႔ကတစ္ဦး တစ္ေယာက္တည္း မျပဳမလုပ္ မေျပာမဆုိဘဲ စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္၍ ညွိႏႈိင္းရမည္။ ႏွစ္ႀကိမ္ သုံးႀကိမ္ထက္ အလြန္လည္း စည္းေ၀းရန္အေၾကာင္း ရွိလွ်င္ စည္းေ၀းရမည္ ဟူလုိ။
2. The Licchavī Princes at their meetings will always come to an agreement. They will rise up from their councils in agreement on what action is to be taken in the Vajjī country.
For all such time as they act in agreement, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၂။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းျခင္း၊ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းျခင္းမွ ၿပိဳင္တူထျခင္း၊ ၀ဇၨီတုိင္း၌ ျပဳလုပ္စရာ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း ျဖင့္ စည္းလုံး ညီညြတ္ေနတေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိးတက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability. When notice has been given of the time and place of the meeting, the meeting can be called a meeting by agreement.
When, after adjournment of a meeting, there has been discussion and agreement on the adjournment and on the time and place of its resumption, the adjournment can be called an adjournment by agreement.
အစည္းအေ၀း အလာ အေရာက္ ညီညြတ္ေအာင္ မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္ကုိ မည္သည့္ေနရာ မွာ စည္းေ၀းမည္ဟူ၍ သတ္မွတ္ ေပးၿပီး စည္းေ၀းျခင္းသည္လည္း ညီညြတ္ေသာ စည္းေ၀းျခင္း မည္၏။ စည္းေ၀းရာမွထလွ်င္လည္း မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္မွာ ထ၍ျပန္ၾက မည္ဟု ညီညီညာညာ ညွိႏႈိင္း ထသြားျပန္ၾကျခင္းသည္လည္း အညီအညြတ္ထသည္ မည္၏။
If some members leave the meeting while others remain, those who have left will have no knowledge of what the rest have been saying and will have doubts about their agreement. Therefore, if a meeting is to be adjourned, it must be by general agreement.
စည္းေ၀းရာမွ အခ်ိဳ႕ထျပန္၍ အခ်ိဳ႕က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့လွ်င္ ထျပန္သူတုိ႔က က်န္ရစ္သူတုိ႔ မည္သည့္အမႈကုိ ေျပာဆုိၾကကုန္သည္ မသိဟူ၍ ယုံမွားသျဖင့္ မညီညြတ္ရန္ရွိသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အစည္းအေ၀းမွထလွ်င္ တညီတညြတ္တည္း ထရမည္။
In one particular matter, if there is a question of making war, every effort must be made to achieve unanimity, so that the meeting can be called unanimous.
တနည္းလည္း စစ္ေရးစစ္ရာ (ျပဳခင္းျပဳဖြယ္) မႈခင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ မကပ္မခုိ တညီတညြတ္ တည္း ကုိယ္ထူကုိယ္ထ လုံ႕လ ထုတ္ျခင္းသည္ တညီတည္းထသည္ မည္၏။
.
In other matters, of public health, of public affairs, sentences of death or life, there must be discussion, leaving out individual prejudices, aiming for agreement. In such cases it can be said that agreement has been reached.
သာမႈနာမႈ၊တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈ၊ေသမႈရွင္ခန္းမွအစ တစ္ဦး တစ္ေယာက္တည္း အလုိရွိရာကုိ မျပဳမလုပ္ဘဲ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္၍ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ျပဳ လုပ္ျခင္းသည္ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ အညီအညြတ္ ျပဳလုပ္သည္ မည္၏။
3. The Licchavī Princes will not decide upon the issue of an order unless the Vajjī people have consented to the law before it is made; they will not change a law that is made with this consent.
They will consider what laws will be required to be made in the Vajjī country before the need arises and behave accordingly. For all the time during which they follow such agreed law, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၃။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ အညီအညြတ္ ဥပေဒ မျပဌာန္းထားေသးသည္ကုိ ဥပေဒျပဌာန္း၍ မစီမံျခင္း၊ အညီအညြတ္ျပဌာန္းထားၿပီးေသာ ဥပေဒကုိလည္း မရုတ္ သိမ္းျခင္း၊အညီညြတ္ အတည္ျပဳ ျပဌာန္းထားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံႏွင့္ သင့္တင့္ေသာ တရားဥပေဒတုိ႔ကုိ ေကာင္းေကာင္း လုိက္နာ က်င့္သုံးျခင္း ရွိေနသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
Princes and ministers who have conferred and reached agreement in a meeting and come to drafting and passing legislation will find that interested parties may use fawning speech or offer bribes to see that their interests prevail.
Since such bribes will lead to bias according to their standing, legislators must carefully consider and reach agreement in council on what the business actually is before action is taken, what orders are to be made when action is to be taken, and what action demands what legislation.
Then, when it comes to promulgation of the law, their action will be in accordance with the law and will achieve its purpose. If they act in this manner there will be no transgression of the law and amendments will not be necessary.
အညီအညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္ကုန္ေသာ မင္းညီမင္းသား၊မွဴးေတာ္မတ္ေတာ္တုိ႔သည ္အမႈျဖစ္မွ အမႈကုိ ပညတ္ျပဌာန္း၍ စီရင္လွ်င္ အမႈျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ကုိယ့္အမႈနုိင္ေအာင္ ကပ္ရပ္ေျပာဆုိေသာ စကား၊ တံစုိးလာဘ္ေပးသည္ကုိ ယူၿပီး လာဘ္ထုိး မႈကုိငဲ့ကြက္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္လုိက္ကာ စီရင္ေသာ ေၾကာင့္ အမႈမျဖစ္မီက အမႈျဖစ္လွ်င္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ စီရင္မည္၊ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ အမႈကုိ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ဥပေဒ ျပဌာန္းမည္ဟု ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္ၿပီး အေသအခ်ာ ဥပေဒေရးဆြဲၿပီးမွ အမႈခင္းျဖစ္လာေသာ္ ျပဌာန္း ထားသည့္ ဥပေဒ အတုိင္းစီရင္သည္က ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ အရႈပ္အေထြးမ်ား ကင္းရွင္း၍ အမႈမွန္ရာက်သည္။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ လုပ္ေဆာင္သည္ကုိပင္ ပညတ္တုိင္းကုိလည္းမလြန္ဆန္၊ပညတ္သစ္ကုိလည္း မျပဳလုပ္ဘဲ စီရင္သည္ မည္၏။
The rules of Aparihāniya do not apply to the individual only: Kings, Ministers and People must meet in consultation upon how the country’s welfare is to be secured and draw up legislation accordingly.
If it is objected that an old law is being violated, since it is the country’s well-being that is the purpose, old laws and prohibitions that were made according to the circumstances of past time should not be considered before meeting to consider the land’s present well-being.
Before taking action it need only be noted that there is an old law drawn up according to past circumstances. In explanation of this text, it is said in the Commentary that, when action is to be taken, the rule should be drawn up according to the law that applies to the circumstance provided for.
အပရိဟာနိယတရားဟူသည္၊ တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္တည္းသာလွ်င္ ျပဳေဆာင္ရာေသာ တရားမဟုတ္၊မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ လူအမ်ား စည္းေ၀း၍ တုိင္းေရး ျပည္မႈ ေကာင္းရာ ေကာင္းေၾကာင္းကုိ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္စီရင္ရန္ ဥပေဒေရးသား ျပဳလုပ္ထားၿပီးလွ်င္ တိုင္းျပည္စည္ပင္ေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ေသာတရားမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးပညတ္ဆုိ ကလည္း တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ ေကာင္းေအာင္ ညွိႏႈိင္းစည္းေ၀း၍ မျပဳလုပ္မီ ေရွး အထက္က အလုိရွိရာ ျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာ ဥပေဒကုိ ေရွးပညတ္ဟု မမွတ္လင့္။
အမႈကုိ မစီရင္မီ ေရွးအဖုိ႔က ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္၍ ျပဌာန္းထားေသာ ဥပေဒပညတ္ကုိသာ ဤအရာ၌ ေရွးပညတ္ဟူ၍မွတ္ေလ။ ၎ပါဠိေတာ္အဖြင့္အ႒ကထာ၌လည္း အမႈရွိလွ်င္ စီရင္ရန္ထားသည္႔ ဥပေဒအတုိင္း ထုတ္၍ စီရင္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ဆုိသည္။
“People who do not know the meaning of this believe that it means that it is not right to make a new rule that supersedes an old one that is covered by the seven Aparihāniya rules.
They think that it is only right to follow old law and custom and that the Aparihāniya rules will be nullified if there is an idea of making new rules that will improve the country, That opinion is not to be too readily accepted.
အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိမသိသူတုိ႔က အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇)ပါးတြင္ ေရွးပညတ္ကုိလြန္၍ ပညတ္ သစ္မလုပ္သင့္၊ ေရွးထုံးအတုိင္းသာ လုပ္သင့္သည္ဟုပါေသာေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံမွာ ေကာင္းရာ ေကာင္းေၾကာင္း နည္းဥပေဒသစ္ျပဳလုပ္မည္ရွိလွ်င္ အပရိဟာနိယ တရားပ်က္လိမ့္မည္ ထင္မွတ္ေျပာဆုိၾကသည္။ ထုိစကားကုိ အလ်င္းအမွတ္အပ္။
But we should not speak only of the country; those who desire to act so as to realize the law of deliverance must altogether discard the old customs of the worldly who are bound in the misery of the endless round of rebirths in this age and by thus working towards this realisation will be able to attain it.
There is no way to reach this realisation if they only follow the precedents of the worldly.
တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ မဆုိထားႏွင့္ဦး။အကၽြတ္တရားရေအာင္ က်င့္ေဆာင္လုိေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ အနမတဂၢ သံသရာဘ၀ အဆက္ဆက္က အစဥ္အတုိင္းလာခဲ့ေသာ သံသရာ၀ဋ္ဆင္းရဲ၌ခံရေသာ ပုထုဇဥ္တုိ႔၏အက်င့္ အမူအရာအေဟာင္းကုိ အကုန္စြန္႔ပစ္၍၊အကၽြတ္တရား ရရာရေၾကာင္း က်င့္ေဆာင္မွသာ အကၽြတ္တရားကုိ ရနုိင္သည္။ ပုထုဇဥ္တုိ႔ ထုံးစံရွိသည္႔ အတုိင္းသာ ေနလွ်င္ အကၽြတ္တရား ရနုိင္စရာမရွိ။
After the Lord Kassapa entered into nibbāna , for the whole of the intervening age the Religious Order did not exist. The way to attain the Fruit of the Path and nibbāna was lost.
It was only after men had acted to show their desire that the Lord Gotama came and proclaimed the Fruit of the Path and nibbāna and the true Law. With this there was a new manifestation of the Lord and the Law.
In this world there are many ancient books of the Vedas , pronounced by learned teachers. In truth, if we are to use the age of the source to determine our actions, it is the Vedas that we should follow.
If it is the Vedas that we follow, immediately after death what we get to is one of the Four Netherworlds . This shows that in any matter of law, there is no question of newness or age; it is right to give the first priority to the question whether its sense is true and whether it is good” .
ကႆပဘုရား ပရိနိဗၺာန္ျပဳၿပီးေနာက္ အႏၱရကပ္ တစ္ကပ္လုံးလုံး သာသနာမရွိ။ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ နိဗၺာန္ ရရာရေၾကာင္းလမ္းေပ်ာက္ ၍ အလုိရွိရာ ျပဳက်င့္ေနၾကၿပီး ေနာက္မွ ေဂါတမ ဘုရား ဘုရားအျဖစ္သုိ႔ ေရာက္ကာ မဂ္ဖုိလ္နိဗၺာန္ရေၾကာင္း ဟုတ္မွန္ေသာ တရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူရသည္ျဖစ္၍ ဘုရားတရားကား ေနာက္ေပၚအသစ္ျဖစ္သည္။
ေလာက၌ ဒိသာပါေမာကၡဆရာအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ေဟာေျပာၾကေသာ ေဗဒင္က်မ္းတုိ႔ကား အေဟာင္းျဖစ္သည္။ အကယ္၍ အေဟာင္းတုိင္းက်င့္ရမည္ဆုိလွ်င္ ေဗဒင္က်မ္းအတုိင္း က်င့္ရေပလိမ့္မည္။
ယင္းအတုိင္းက်င့္လွ်င္ ေသသည့္အျခားမဲ့၌ ဧကန္အပါယ္ေလးပါး လားရန္ရွိသည္။ ဤအေၾကာင္းကုိေထာက္၍ တရားဟူသည္ အေဟာင္းအသစ္မဆုိသာ သေဘာ အမွန္က်၍ ေကာင္းျခင္းသည္သာ ပဓါနျဖစ္သည္ကုိလည္း ၿမဲၿမံစြာ မွတ္ရလိမ့္မည္။
4. At all times the Licchavī Princes will act with respect towards whatever old people there may be among the Vajjī people. They will regard them as important. They will treat them with respect and love. They will honour them and remember to listen to their words.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished.
၄။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ တုိင္းနုိင္ငံအတြင္း၌ရွိကုန္ေသာ ၀ဇၨီတုိင္းသာ သက္ႀကီးရြယ္အုိ လူႀကီးသူမတုိ႔ကုိ ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၊ ေလးစားျမတ္နုိးျခင္းျပဳၾကကုန္၏၊ ထုိလူႀကီးသူမတုိ႔၏စကားကုိ နားေထာင္သင့္သည္ဟု မွတ္ထင္ၾကကုန္၏၊ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပဳလုပ္ေနသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
“This tells us that, though we must pay heed to the words of our elders, it is not by long life only that the position of “elder” is to be seen as reached. Regard must be had both to wisdom and age.
In fact, if we pay attention to what some fool says, even if he is an old fool, there is no chance of reaching the truth. One cannot go wrong with the rule “asevanā ca bālānaµ, panditānañ ca sevana¼ ”. (Associate yourself with wise men, not with the ignorant).
ဤ၌လူႀကီးစကားကုိ နားေထာင္ရမည္ဟု ဆုိေသာ္လည္း အသက္အရြယ္ျဖင့္ခ်ည္း ႀကီးသည္ကုိ မယူအပ္။ ပညာ အသက္ ႏွစ္ပါးလုံး ႀကီးသည္ကုိသာ ယူအပ္၏။ အကယ္၍ အသက္ပင္ႀကီးေသာ္လည္း အသက္ႀကီးလူမုိက္စကားကို နားေထာင္မိလွ်င္ အမွန္ျဖစ္နုိင္ရန္မရွိ။´အေသ၀နာ စ ဗာလာနံ၊ ပ႑ိတာနဥၥ ေသ၀နာ´ ဟူေသာ မဂၤလာတရားေတာ္ႏွင့္လည္း လြဲရန္ရွိသည္။
The haµsa bird (note that the word haµsa here means geese and ducks; the present Burmese usage of haµsa for the brahminy duck is wrong), the crane, the peacock, the bull elephant and the spotted deer -- all these animals and birds fear the lion. Bodily they have nothing else in common.
ဟသၤာ၊ႀကိဳးၾကာ၊ဥေဒါင္း၊ဆင္ေျပာင္ႀကီးဟူေသာ ေက်းငွက္၊သားသမင္အေပါင္းသည္ ကုိယ္ကာယခ်င္းမတူရကား ျခေသၤ့ရန္မွ ေၾကာက္ၾကကုန္၏။
In the same way, among men it is true that even in youth some have wisdom. Those who show such wisdom in carrying out their business will be counted as of full age. Some again of great age and great in body are ignorant and these will never be reckoned adult” .
ထုိနည္းမျခား အလားတူပင္ လူ႔အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္ ငယ္ေသာ္လည္း ပညာရွိသူသည္သာ မႈခင္းကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ ရာ၌ လူႀကီးလူေကာင္းျဖစ္နုိင္၏၊လူမုိက္သည္ အသက္အရြယ္ ကုိယ္လက္အဂၤါႀကီးေသာ္လညး္ လူႀကီးလူေကာင္း မျဖစ္နုိင္။
5. The Licchavī Princes will not abduct or wrong the wives or daughters of the Vajjī people. They will not force them to pass their lives in the houses of the rulers.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၅။ မင္းသားတုိ႔!၀ဇၨီတုိင္းသူ အမ်ိဳးသမီးႀကီး၊ အမ်ိဳးသမီးငယ္တုိ႔ကုိ အတင္းအဓမၼ ဆြဲငင္ ႏွိပ္စက္၍ အစုိးရတုိ႔အိမ္၌ မေနေစ ခုိင္းသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
6. The Licchavī Princes will at all time render honour to whatever guardian spirits there may be, both within and without the cities of the Vajjī people. They will make offerings to them and they will in no way reduce the food offerings and the drink offerings that have been customary in the past, save for the taking of life.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၆။ မင္းသားတုိ႔!၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၊ ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ကုန္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ေစာင့္ ရြာေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔ကုိ ရုိေသေလးျမတ္ျပဳ၊ ျမတ္နုိးပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၊ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔အားလည္း ေပးၿမဲ ျပဳၿမဲ ျဖစ္ေသာ ေသရည္အရက္၊ အသက္သတ္ကင္းေသာ ဗလိနတ္စာကုိ မယုတ္ေလ်ာ့ ေစျခင္း ရွိေနသမွ် စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
7. The Licchavī Princes will see that good provision is made for the arahants who are honoured in the Vajjī country and for other arahants, who have not yet visited their lands.
They will consider in their hearts how these may carry out their religious duties in peace and how they should be guarded so that they may be secure in accordance with the Law.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၇။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတို႔သည္ မလာမေရာက္ဘူးေသာ ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔သည္ အဘယ္ခါ ၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံသုိ႔ လာပါကုန္အံ့နည္း၊ လာေရာက္ဘူးၾကေသာ ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔သည္လည္း၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံ၌ အဘယ္သုိ႔ ခ်မ္းခ်မ္းသာသာ ေနထုိင္သီတင္းသုံးၾကပါအံ့နည္းဟု စိတ္မွာထား၍ တရား ႏွင့္ညီေသာ လုံၿခဳံေရး ေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈကုိ စီမံေပးေနသမွ် စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
“In this we are instructed that, as is set out in the four rules of sangaha, even as we guard and watch over our country, especial care must be taken of the religious order.
Even in cases where there is no religious order (arahanta), the ordinary people must be looked after” .
ဤ၌ဆုိလတံ့ေသာ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါတြင္လာသည့္အတုိင္း နုိင္ငံကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ထိမ္းသိမ္းေသာ္လည္း ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔ကုိ အထူးၾကည့္ေစလုိ၍ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေဟာၾကား ေတာ္မူသည္။ ရဟႏၱာမရွိလွ်င္ ပုထုဇဥ္ကုိတုိ႔ကုိပင္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရေပလိမ့္မည္။
For all such time as they follow these seven rules of stability, the Licchavī Princes will remain in the Vajjī people's country. In these seven rules of stability the Vajjī people will win glory.
For all such time the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. These are the seven rules of immunity to decay (stability aparihāniya)”.
မင္းသားတုိ႔! ဤမဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစနုိင္ေသာ တရား(၇) ပါး ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ သႏၱာန္၌ ျဖစ္ေပၚေန၊ ထင္ထင္ရွားရွား ရွိေနသမွ် ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္း သာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ၊သတၱကနိပါတ၊၃.၀ဇၨီသတၱက၀ဂၢ၊၁.သာရႏၵဒသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၄၀၇
ဒီဃနိကာယ၊မဟာ၀ဂၢ၊၃.မဟာပရိနိဗၺာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၆၂
သီ ဋီ သစ္၊ ၆.မဟာလိသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၃၃၁
၀ိဘဂၤအ႒ကထာ၊၂.အာယတန၀ိဘဂၤ၊၂.အဘိဓမၼာဘာဇနိယအဖြင့္ ႏွာ-၄၇
အဘိဓါန္ ဋီကာ၊၂.သဂၢကဏ္ဏ၊ ပုိဒ္ေရ-၁၀၈၊ႏွာ-၉၁
ခုဒၵကပါဌပါဠိ၊ ၅. မဂၤလသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃
နိဒါန၀ဂၢပါဠိ၊၁၀.ဘိကၡဳသံယုတ္၊၆.လကု႑ကဘဒၵိယသုတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၄၆၆
ဇာတကပါဠိ၊ဒုကနိပါတ၊၂၀၂.ေကဠိသီလဇာတ္၊ ဂါထာ-၁၀၃-၄၊ ႏွာ-၁-၃၃
The Mahāparinibbāna Sutta of Mahāvagga or Sattakanipāta of Anguttaranikaya scripture sets out as follows the seven rules of Aparihāniya through which the prosperity of Princes is to be increased, the well-being of the Excellent Order to be improved and the wealth of a country is to be made to grow without any falling away.
မင္းတုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးစီးပါြး၊ သာသနာေတာ္ျမတ္၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး၊ တုိင္းက်ိဳးျပည္က်ိဳး မဆုတ္မယုတ္ တုိးပြါးရာ တုိးပြါးေၾကာင္း ျဖစ္ေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇) ပါးကုိ သုတ္မဟာ၀ါပါဠိေတာ္ မဟာပရိနိဗၺာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂. ၆၂ (သတၱကနိပါတ္ ၃.၀ဇၨီသတၱက၀ဂ္ ၁.သာရႏၵဒသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂. ၄၀၇) ၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။ ေဟာေတာ္မူပုံကား -
“It fell to me, ānanda the Elder, to hear and to note down what was going to be said. At that time the most Excellent Lord was living in Vesālī, in the monastery that had been built on the ground of the spirit named Sārandade.
In the time when He was living there, many of the Licchavī Princes came to this monastery named for Sārandade in which the Lord was carrying on His practice of Religion and came to the place where He was.
They greeted Him with great respect and seated themselves properly. Once the Liccavī Princes were seated, the Most Excellent Lord addressed them, saying:--
အခါတစ္ပါး၌ ဘုရားရွင္သည္ ေ၀သာလီျပည္ သာရႏၵဒနတ္ကြန္း၀ယ္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ ထားေသာေက်ာင္း၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနထုိင္ ေတာ္မူစဥ္ လိစၧ၀ီမင္းသားအမ်ားစုသည္ ဘုရားရွင္ထံလာေရာက္ရွိခုိးကာ အဆင္ေျပသင့္ေလ်ာ္ေသာေနရာတြင္ ထုိင္ေနၾက ကုန္၏။
“Princes of the Licchavī, there are seven rules of aparihāniya which can never be lost and these I shall tell you. Listen carefully to what I shall say and hold it in your hearts.” When the Lord had spoken thus, He thought and the Licchavī princes sat before Him and listened carefully. The Lord then went on: “Licchavī Princes, if you ask what are the seven rules, they are these:
မင္းသားတုိ႔! ငါသည္ မင္းသားတုိ႔ကုိ မဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစႏိုင္ေသာ ဓမၼ (၇) ရပ္ကုိ ေဟာေျပာျပမယ္။ မင္းတုိ႔ ေလးေလးစားစားနဲ႔ စိတ္ပါလက္ပါ နားေထာင္ၾကပါ ဟု မိန္႔ေတာ္မူေသာ္ မင္းသားတုိ႔သည္ မွန္ပါ၊ေကာင္းပါၿပီဘုရားဟု ၀န္ခံစကား ျပန္ေျပာကာ ရုိရုိေသေသ နားေထာင္ၾက ကုန္၏။ ဘုရားရွင္သည္ ဤသုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာျပေတာ္မူ၏။
လိစၧ၀ီမင္းသားတု႔ိ မဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစႏိုင္ေသာ ဓမၼ (၇) ရပ္ဆုိတာ ဘာလဲ?
1. The Licchavī Princes and the Vajjī people will meet together as needed and for so long as may be needed. They will meet and consult for long hours if necessary. So long as time is devoted to meeting and consultation, the well-being of the Licchavī princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၁။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ အၿမဲမျပတ္စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္ျခင္း၊ စည္းေ၀းရန္ ရွိသမွ်ကုိ အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ တုိင္ပင္ျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေန သေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိးတက္ျခင္း သာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.There is no question of one man alone dealing with the affairs of the Religion or of the State, once, twice, or thrice in a day. Consultation and discussion are essential.
The meaning is that if affairs call for meeting for discussion twice, thrice or even more times, the meeting must be held.
တေန႔လွ်င္ ႏွစ္ႀကိမ္လည္းေကာင္း သုံးႀကိမ္လည္းေကာင္းသာသနာမႈ၊တုိင္းမႈ၊ျပည္မႈ တုိ႔ကတစ္ဦး တစ္ေယာက္တည္း မျပဳမလုပ္ မေျပာမဆုိဘဲ စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္၍ ညွိႏႈိင္းရမည္။ ႏွစ္ႀကိမ္ သုံးႀကိမ္ထက္ အလြန္လည္း စည္းေ၀းရန္အေၾကာင္း ရွိလွ်င္ စည္းေ၀းရမည္ ဟူလုိ။
2. The Licchavī Princes at their meetings will always come to an agreement. They will rise up from their councils in agreement on what action is to be taken in the Vajjī country.
For all such time as they act in agreement, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၂။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းျခင္း၊ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းျခင္းမွ ၿပိဳင္တူထျခင္း၊ ၀ဇၨီတုိင္း၌ ျပဳလုပ္စရာ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း ျဖင့္ စည္းလုံး ညီညြတ္ေနတေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိးတက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability. When notice has been given of the time and place of the meeting, the meeting can be called a meeting by agreement.
When, after adjournment of a meeting, there has been discussion and agreement on the adjournment and on the time and place of its resumption, the adjournment can be called an adjournment by agreement.
အစည္းအေ၀း အလာ အေရာက္ ညီညြတ္ေအာင္ မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္ကုိ မည္သည့္ေနရာ မွာ စည္းေ၀းမည္ဟူ၍ သတ္မွတ္ ေပးၿပီး စည္းေ၀းျခင္းသည္လည္း ညီညြတ္ေသာ စည္းေ၀းျခင္း မည္၏။ စည္းေ၀းရာမွထလွ်င္လည္း မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္မွာ ထ၍ျပန္ၾက မည္ဟု ညီညီညာညာ ညွိႏႈိင္း ထသြားျပန္ၾကျခင္းသည္လည္း အညီအညြတ္ထသည္ မည္၏။
If some members leave the meeting while others remain, those who have left will have no knowledge of what the rest have been saying and will have doubts about their agreement. Therefore, if a meeting is to be adjourned, it must be by general agreement.
စည္းေ၀းရာမွ အခ်ိဳ႕ထျပန္၍ အခ်ိဳ႕က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့လွ်င္ ထျပန္သူတုိ႔က က်န္ရစ္သူတုိ႔ မည္သည့္အမႈကုိ ေျပာဆုိၾကကုန္သည္ မသိဟူ၍ ယုံမွားသျဖင့္ မညီညြတ္ရန္ရွိသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ အစည္းအေ၀းမွထလွ်င္ တညီတညြတ္တည္း ထရမည္။
In one particular matter, if there is a question of making war, every effort must be made to achieve unanimity, so that the meeting can be called unanimous.
တနည္းလည္း စစ္ေရးစစ္ရာ (ျပဳခင္းျပဳဖြယ္) မႈခင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ မကပ္မခုိ တညီတညြတ္ တည္း ကုိယ္ထူကုိယ္ထ လုံ႕လ ထုတ္ျခင္းသည္ တညီတည္းထသည္ မည္၏။
.
In other matters, of public health, of public affairs, sentences of death or life, there must be discussion, leaving out individual prejudices, aiming for agreement. In such cases it can be said that agreement has been reached.
သာမႈနာမႈ၊တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈ၊ေသမႈရွင္ခန္းမွအစ တစ္ဦး တစ္ေယာက္တည္း အလုိရွိရာကုိ မျပဳမလုပ္ဘဲ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္၍ ညီညီညြတ္ညြတ္ျပဳ လုပ္ျခင္းသည္ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ အညီအညြတ္ ျပဳလုပ္သည္ မည္၏။
3. The Licchavī Princes will not decide upon the issue of an order unless the Vajjī people have consented to the law before it is made; they will not change a law that is made with this consent.
They will consider what laws will be required to be made in the Vajjī country before the need arises and behave accordingly. For all the time during which they follow such agreed law, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase.
၃။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ အညီအညြတ္ ဥပေဒ မျပဌာန္းထားေသးသည္ကုိ ဥပေဒျပဌာန္း၍ မစီမံျခင္း၊ အညီအညြတ္ျပဌာန္းထားၿပီးေသာ ဥပေဒကုိလည္း မရုတ္ သိမ္းျခင္း၊အညီညြတ္ အတည္ျပဳ ျပဌာန္းထားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံႏွင့္ သင့္တင့္ေသာ တရားဥပေဒတုိ႔ကုိ ေကာင္းေကာင္း လုိက္နာ က်င့္သုံးျခင္း ရွိေနသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
Princes and ministers who have conferred and reached agreement in a meeting and come to drafting and passing legislation will find that interested parties may use fawning speech or offer bribes to see that their interests prevail.
Since such bribes will lead to bias according to their standing, legislators must carefully consider and reach agreement in council on what the business actually is before action is taken, what orders are to be made when action is to be taken, and what action demands what legislation.
Then, when it comes to promulgation of the law, their action will be in accordance with the law and will achieve its purpose. If they act in this manner there will be no transgression of the law and amendments will not be necessary.
အညီအညြတ္ စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္ကုန္ေသာ မင္းညီမင္းသား၊မွဴးေတာ္မတ္ေတာ္တုိ႔သည ္အမႈျဖစ္မွ အမႈကုိ ပညတ္ျပဌာန္း၍ စီရင္လွ်င္ အမႈျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ကုိယ့္အမႈနုိင္ေအာင္ ကပ္ရပ္ေျပာဆုိေသာ စကား၊ တံစုိးလာဘ္ေပးသည္ကုိ ယူၿပီး လာဘ္ထုိး မႈကုိငဲ့ကြက္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္လုိက္ကာ စီရင္ေသာ ေၾကာင့္ အမႈမျဖစ္မီက အမႈျဖစ္လွ်င္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ စီရင္မည္၊ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ အမႈကုိ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ဥပေဒ ျပဌာန္းမည္ဟု ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္ၿပီး အေသအခ်ာ ဥပေဒေရးဆြဲၿပီးမွ အမႈခင္းျဖစ္လာေသာ္ ျပဌာန္း ထားသည့္ ဥပေဒ အတုိင္းစီရင္သည္က ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ အရႈပ္အေထြးမ်ား ကင္းရွင္း၍ အမႈမွန္ရာက်သည္။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ လုပ္ေဆာင္သည္ကုိပင္ ပညတ္တုိင္းကုိလည္းမလြန္ဆန္၊ပညတ္သစ္ကုိလည္း မျပဳလုပ္ဘဲ စီရင္သည္ မည္၏။
The rules of Aparihāniya do not apply to the individual only: Kings, Ministers and People must meet in consultation upon how the country’s welfare is to be secured and draw up legislation accordingly.
If it is objected that an old law is being violated, since it is the country’s well-being that is the purpose, old laws and prohibitions that were made according to the circumstances of past time should not be considered before meeting to consider the land’s present well-being.
Before taking action it need only be noted that there is an old law drawn up according to past circumstances. In explanation of this text, it is said in the Commentary that, when action is to be taken, the rule should be drawn up according to the law that applies to the circumstance provided for.
အပရိဟာနိယတရားဟူသည္၊ တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္တည္းသာလွ်င္ ျပဳေဆာင္ရာေသာ တရားမဟုတ္၊မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ လူအမ်ား စည္းေ၀း၍ တုိင္းေရး ျပည္မႈ ေကာင္းရာ ေကာင္းေၾကာင္းကုိ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္စီရင္ရန္ ဥပေဒေရးသား ျပဳလုပ္ထားၿပီးလွ်င္ တိုင္းျပည္စည္ပင္ေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ေသာတရားမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးပညတ္ဆုိ ကလည္း တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ ေကာင္းေအာင္ ညွိႏႈိင္းစည္းေ၀း၍ မျပဳလုပ္မီ ေရွး အထက္က အလုိရွိရာ ျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာ ဥပေဒကုိ ေရွးပညတ္ဟု မမွတ္လင့္။
အမႈကုိ မစီရင္မီ ေရွးအဖုိ႔က ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္၍ ျပဌာန္းထားေသာ ဥပေဒပညတ္ကုိသာ ဤအရာ၌ ေရွးပညတ္ဟူ၍မွတ္ေလ။ ၎ပါဠိေတာ္အဖြင့္အ႒ကထာ၌လည္း အမႈရွိလွ်င္ စီရင္ရန္ထားသည္႔ ဥပေဒအတုိင္း ထုတ္၍ စီရင္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ဆုိသည္။
“People who do not know the meaning of this believe that it means that it is not right to make a new rule that supersedes an old one that is covered by the seven Aparihāniya rules.
They think that it is only right to follow old law and custom and that the Aparihāniya rules will be nullified if there is an idea of making new rules that will improve the country, That opinion is not to be too readily accepted.
အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိမသိသူတုိ႔က အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇)ပါးတြင္ ေရွးပညတ္ကုိလြန္၍ ပညတ္ သစ္မလုပ္သင့္၊ ေရွးထုံးအတုိင္းသာ လုပ္သင့္သည္ဟုပါေသာေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံမွာ ေကာင္းရာ ေကာင္းေၾကာင္း နည္းဥပေဒသစ္ျပဳလုပ္မည္ရွိလွ်င္ အပရိဟာနိယ တရားပ်က္လိမ့္မည္ ထင္မွတ္ေျပာဆုိၾကသည္။ ထုိစကားကုိ အလ်င္းအမွတ္အပ္။
But we should not speak only of the country; those who desire to act so as to realize the law of deliverance must altogether discard the old customs of the worldly who are bound in the misery of the endless round of rebirths in this age and by thus working towards this realisation will be able to attain it.
There is no way to reach this realisation if they only follow the precedents of the worldly.
တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ မဆုိထားႏွင့္ဦး။အကၽြတ္တရားရေအာင္ က်င့္ေဆာင္လုိေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ အနမတဂၢ သံသရာဘ၀ အဆက္ဆက္က အစဥ္အတုိင္းလာခဲ့ေသာ သံသရာ၀ဋ္ဆင္းရဲ၌ခံရေသာ ပုထုဇဥ္တုိ႔၏အက်င့္ အမူအရာအေဟာင္းကုိ အကုန္စြန္႔ပစ္၍၊အကၽြတ္တရား ရရာရေၾကာင္း က်င့္ေဆာင္မွသာ အကၽြတ္တရားကုိ ရနုိင္သည္။ ပုထုဇဥ္တုိ႔ ထုံးစံရွိသည္႔ အတုိင္းသာ ေနလွ်င္ အကၽြတ္တရား ရနုိင္စရာမရွိ။
After the Lord Kassapa entered into nibbāna , for the whole of the intervening age the Religious Order did not exist. The way to attain the Fruit of the Path and nibbāna was lost.
It was only after men had acted to show their desire that the Lord Gotama came and proclaimed the Fruit of the Path and nibbāna and the true Law. With this there was a new manifestation of the Lord and the Law.
In this world there are many ancient books of the Vedas , pronounced by learned teachers. In truth, if we are to use the age of the source to determine our actions, it is the Vedas that we should follow.
If it is the Vedas that we follow, immediately after death what we get to is one of the Four Netherworlds . This shows that in any matter of law, there is no question of newness or age; it is right to give the first priority to the question whether its sense is true and whether it is good” .
ကႆပဘုရား ပရိနိဗၺာန္ျပဳၿပီးေနာက္ အႏၱရကပ္ တစ္ကပ္လုံးလုံး သာသနာမရွိ။ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ နိဗၺာန္ ရရာရေၾကာင္းလမ္းေပ်ာက္ ၍ အလုိရွိရာ ျပဳက်င့္ေနၾကၿပီး ေနာက္မွ ေဂါတမ ဘုရား ဘုရားအျဖစ္သုိ႔ ေရာက္ကာ မဂ္ဖုိလ္နိဗၺာန္ရေၾကာင္း ဟုတ္မွန္ေသာ တရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူရသည္ျဖစ္၍ ဘုရားတရားကား ေနာက္ေပၚအသစ္ျဖစ္သည္။
ေလာက၌ ဒိသာပါေမာကၡဆရာအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ေဟာေျပာၾကေသာ ေဗဒင္က်မ္းတုိ႔ကား အေဟာင္းျဖစ္သည္။ အကယ္၍ အေဟာင္းတုိင္းက်င့္ရမည္ဆုိလွ်င္ ေဗဒင္က်မ္းအတုိင္း က်င့္ရေပလိမ့္မည္။
ယင္းအတုိင္းက်င့္လွ်င္ ေသသည့္အျခားမဲ့၌ ဧကန္အပါယ္ေလးပါး လားရန္ရွိသည္။ ဤအေၾကာင္းကုိေထာက္၍ တရားဟူသည္ အေဟာင္းအသစ္မဆုိသာ သေဘာ အမွန္က်၍ ေကာင္းျခင္းသည္သာ ပဓါနျဖစ္သည္ကုိလည္း ၿမဲၿမံစြာ မွတ္ရလိမ့္မည္။
4. At all times the Licchavī Princes will act with respect towards whatever old people there may be among the Vajjī people. They will regard them as important. They will treat them with respect and love. They will honour them and remember to listen to their words.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished.
၄။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ တုိင္းနုိင္ငံအတြင္း၌ရွိကုန္ေသာ ၀ဇၨီတုိင္းသာ သက္ႀကီးရြယ္အုိ လူႀကီးသူမတုိ႔ကုိ ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၊ ေလးစားျမတ္နုိးျခင္းျပဳၾကကုန္၏၊ ထုိလူႀကီးသူမတုိ႔၏စကားကုိ နားေထာင္သင့္သည္ဟု မွတ္ထင္ၾကကုန္၏၊ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပဳလုပ္ေနသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
“This tells us that, though we must pay heed to the words of our elders, it is not by long life only that the position of “elder” is to be seen as reached. Regard must be had both to wisdom and age.
In fact, if we pay attention to what some fool says, even if he is an old fool, there is no chance of reaching the truth. One cannot go wrong with the rule “asevanā ca bālānaµ, panditānañ ca sevana¼ ”. (Associate yourself with wise men, not with the ignorant).
ဤ၌လူႀကီးစကားကုိ နားေထာင္ရမည္ဟု ဆုိေသာ္လည္း အသက္အရြယ္ျဖင့္ခ်ည္း ႀကီးသည္ကုိ မယူအပ္။ ပညာ အသက္ ႏွစ္ပါးလုံး ႀကီးသည္ကုိသာ ယူအပ္၏။ အကယ္၍ အသက္ပင္ႀကီးေသာ္လည္း အသက္ႀကီးလူမုိက္စကားကို နားေထာင္မိလွ်င္ အမွန္ျဖစ္နုိင္ရန္မရွိ။´အေသ၀နာ စ ဗာလာနံ၊ ပ႑ိတာနဥၥ ေသ၀နာ´ ဟူေသာ မဂၤလာတရားေတာ္ႏွင့္လည္း လြဲရန္ရွိသည္။
The haµsa bird (note that the word haµsa here means geese and ducks; the present Burmese usage of haµsa for the brahminy duck is wrong), the crane, the peacock, the bull elephant and the spotted deer -- all these animals and birds fear the lion. Bodily they have nothing else in common.
ဟသၤာ၊ႀကိဳးၾကာ၊ဥေဒါင္း၊ဆင္ေျပာင္ႀကီးဟူေသာ ေက်းငွက္၊သားသမင္အေပါင္းသည္ ကုိယ္ကာယခ်င္းမတူရကား ျခေသၤ့ရန္မွ ေၾကာက္ၾကကုန္၏။
In the same way, among men it is true that even in youth some have wisdom. Those who show such wisdom in carrying out their business will be counted as of full age. Some again of great age and great in body are ignorant and these will never be reckoned adult” .
ထုိနည္းမျခား အလားတူပင္ လူ႔အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတြင္ ငယ္ေသာ္လည္း ပညာရွိသူသည္သာ မႈခင္းကိစၥတုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ ရာ၌ လူႀကီးလူေကာင္းျဖစ္နုိင္၏၊လူမုိက္သည္ အသက္အရြယ္ ကုိယ္လက္အဂၤါႀကီးေသာ္လညး္ လူႀကီးလူေကာင္း မျဖစ္နုိင္။
5. The Licchavī Princes will not abduct or wrong the wives or daughters of the Vajjī people. They will not force them to pass their lives in the houses of the rulers.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၅။ မင္းသားတုိ႔!၀ဇၨီတုိင္းသူ အမ်ိဳးသမီးႀကီး၊ အမ်ိဳးသမီးငယ္တုိ႔ကုိ အတင္းအဓမၼ ဆြဲငင္ ႏွိပ္စက္၍ အစုိးရတုိ႔အိမ္၌ မေနေစ ခုိင္းသေရြ႕ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
6. The Licchavī Princes will at all time render honour to whatever guardian spirits there may be, both within and without the cities of the Vajjī people. They will make offerings to them and they will in no way reduce the food offerings and the drink offerings that have been customary in the past, save for the taking of life.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၆။ မင္းသားတုိ႔!၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၊ ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ကုန္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ေစာင့္ ရြာေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔ကုိ ရုိေသေလးျမတ္ျပဳ၊ ျမတ္နုိးပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၊ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔အားလည္း ေပးၿမဲ ျပဳၿမဲ ျဖစ္ေသာ ေသရည္အရက္၊ အသက္သတ္ကင္းေသာ ဗလိနတ္စာကုိ မယုတ္ေလ်ာ့ ေစျခင္း ရွိေနသမွ် စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
7. The Licchavī Princes will see that good provision is made for the arahants who are honoured in the Vajjī country and for other arahants, who have not yet visited their lands.
They will consider in their hearts how these may carry out their religious duties in peace and how they should be guarded so that they may be secure in accordance with the Law.
For all such time as they act thus, the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. This is one rule of stability.
၇။ မင္းသားတုိ႔! ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတို႔သည္ မလာမေရာက္ဘူးေသာ ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔သည္ အဘယ္ခါ ၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံသုိ႔ လာပါကုန္အံ့နည္း၊ လာေရာက္ဘူးၾကေသာ ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔သည္လည္း၀ဇၨီနုိင္ငံ၌ အဘယ္သုိ႔ ခ်မ္းခ်မ္းသာသာ ေနထုိင္သီတင္းသုံးၾကပါအံ့နည္းဟု စိတ္မွာထား၍ တရား ႏွင့္ညီေသာ လုံၿခဳံေရး ေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈကုိ စီမံေပးေနသမွ် စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
“In this we are instructed that, as is set out in the four rules of sangaha, even as we guard and watch over our country, especial care must be taken of the religious order.
Even in cases where there is no religious order (arahanta), the ordinary people must be looked after” .
ဤ၌ဆုိလတံ့ေသာ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါတြင္လာသည့္အတုိင္း နုိင္ငံကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ထိမ္းသိမ္းေသာ္လည္း ရဟႏၱာတုိ႔ကုိ အထူးၾကည့္ေစလုိ၍ ထုတ္ေဖာ္ေဟာၾကား ေတာ္မူသည္။ ရဟႏၱာမရွိလွ်င္ ပုထုဇဥ္ကုိတုိ႔ကုိပင္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရေပလိမ့္မည္။
For all such time as they follow these seven rules of stability, the Licchavī Princes will remain in the Vajjī people's country. In these seven rules of stability the Vajjī people will win glory.
For all such time the well-being of the Licchavī Princes and that of the Vajjī people will increase. This is to be desired; this will not be diminished. These are the seven rules of immunity to decay (stability aparihāniya)”.
မင္းသားတုိ႔! ဤမဆုတ္ယုတ္၊မပ်က္စီး၊မက်ရႈံးေစနုိင္ေသာ တရား(၇) ပါး ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ သႏၱာန္၌ ျဖစ္ေပၚေန၊ ထင္ထင္ရွားရွား ရွိေနသမွ် ၀ဇၨီလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ စီးပြါးတုိး တက္ျခင္း သာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္၍ ဆုတ္ယုတ္၊ပ်က္စီး၊က်ရႈံးျခင္း လုံး၀ မျဖစ္နုိင္။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ၊သတၱကနိပါတ၊၃.၀ဇၨီသတၱက၀ဂၢ၊၁.သာရႏၵဒသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၄၀၇
ဒီဃနိကာယ၊မဟာ၀ဂၢ၊၃.မဟာပရိနိဗၺာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၆၂
သီ ဋီ သစ္၊ ၆.မဟာလိသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၃၃၁
၀ိဘဂၤအ႒ကထာ၊၂.အာယတန၀ိဘဂၤ၊၂.အဘိဓမၼာဘာဇနိယအဖြင့္ ႏွာ-၄၇
အဘိဓါန္ ဋီကာ၊၂.သဂၢကဏ္ဏ၊ ပုိဒ္ေရ-၁၀၈၊ႏွာ-၉၁
ခုဒၵကပါဌပါဠိ၊ ၅. မဂၤလသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃
နိဒါန၀ဂၢပါဠိ၊၁၀.ဘိကၡဳသံယုတ္၊၆.လကု႑ကဘဒၵိယသုတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၄၆၆
ဇာတကပါဠိ၊ဒုကနိပါတ၊၂၀၂.ေကဠိသီလဇာတ္၊ ဂါထာ-၁၀၃-၄၊ ႏွာ-၁-၃၃
