5. How the people of the West are ruled through the consent of their assemblyThe people of the West have been able to see that there are benefits to be got from agreement in an assembly and that losses come from divisions and therefore, so as not to work against the people of the country; and so that their assemblies might be in unity and harmony, they have worked to establish a principle of avirodhana [not going against the current]( Ja V. A -403.)through.
1. An assembly of like-minded people of importance from the towns and villages of the country;
2. An assembly consisting of officials chosen for their lineage.
Since the establishment of these assemblies, the monarch and the assemblies of officials, with the concurrence of religious figures respected in the culture of the people, deal with the affairs of the country, with making and unmaking of appointments, collection of taxes, military dispositions for the protection of the country, payment of salaries and all the multifarious business of the country.
This is not done following the wishes of king or queen alone, or of one or two ministers: the members of the two assemblies take an oath to act only after consultation and in accordance with the will of the assembly, and they are selected on the basis of their trustworthiness.
Newspapers are established for the affairs of the monarchy as well as for the affairs of the nation, and discussions held in the assemblies on the affairs of the country are completely made known by these -- collection of the various sorts of taxes, military and naval dispositions in the interests of the country’s power -- as the two assemblies deliberate on how to make everything fit in with the sassamedha [the budget position]( S-1. 129) and the other four rules of sa³gaha (S I. Tø 179).
ယခုအခါ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔စည္းေ၀းညီညြတ္ျခင္း၌အက်ိဳး၊အစည္းအေ၀းကြဲျပားျခင္း၌ အျပစ္ကုိျမင္ကုန္ေသာ သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳး တုိ႔သည္ အစည္းအေ၀းဟူေသာ ´သႏၷိပါတ´ ညီညြတ္ျခင္းဟူေသာ ´သမဂၢ´ ျဖစ္ေအာင္ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ႏွင့္လည္း ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ မျဖစ္ေစရ ´အ၀ိေရာဓန´တရား ေနရာက်ေအာင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္လုိသည္ျဖစ္၍
၁။ နုိင္ငံအတြင္း ၿမဳိ႕ ေက်းရြာလူတုိ႔က သေဘာတူေပးသည့္ လူႀကီးစုတစ္သင္း
၂။အရုိးအစဥ္အတုိင္းလာေသာ မွဴးမတ္စုတစ္သင္း
ဤသုိ႔ အစုအသင္း ႏွစ္စုထားၿပီးလွ်င္ မင္းႏွင့္ထုိမွဴးမတ္အသင္းတုိ႔ အမ်ိဳးဘာ၀ ကုိးကြယ္သည့္ သာသနာ၀င္ ဆရာရဟန္းတုိ႔ အစုံအညီတြင္ ရာထူးႏႈတ္ရန္၊ ခန္႔ရန္၊ အခြန္အတုတ္ေကာက္ရန္၊ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္ စည္းၾကပ္၍ နုိင္ငံကုိေစာင့္ထိမ္းရန္၊ လစာေၾကးေငြေပးကမ္းရန္မွစ၍ အရပ္ရပ္တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ရွိသမွ်ကုိ မင္း မိဖုရားတုိ႔ကျဖစ္ေစ၊ တစ္ေယာက္ႏွစ္ေယာက္မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔က ျဖစ္ေစ အလုိရွိရာ မေျပာမဆုိ မျပဳမလုပ္ပါ။
စုံညီညွိႏႈိင္း၍ အႀကိဳက္မ်ားရာကုိသာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါမည္ သစၥာျပဳၾက၍ ဤမွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္စုႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔အျပင္ သီလ သမာဓိရွိ၍ ယုံၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရသူတုိ႔ကုိ ေရြးခ်ယ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ မင္းႏွင့္ဆုိင္ေသာ သတင္းစာတုိက္၊ နုိင္ငံႏွင့္ဆုိင္ေသာသတင္း စာတုိက္တုိ႔ကုိ ထားၿပီးလွ်င္ တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈအလုံးစုံကုိ ျပဳခင္းျပဳဖြယ္ နုိင္ငံ၌အခြန္ခံရန္ အေကာက္ခြန္အနည္းအမ်ား ေကာက္ခံ၍ ကုန္းတပ္ ေရတပ္ လက္နက္ကုိင္စည္းၾကပ္၍ နုိင္ငံအင္းအားႏွင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေအာင္ ထားရန္ရွိသည္မ်ားကုိ မွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္စုႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္ပင္ၿပီးလွ်င္ သႆေမဓ စေသာ သဂၤဟတရား ေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ ေနရာက် ေအာင္လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကသည္။
At times when the two assemblies of officials are in session, deliberating on the conduct of state affairs, newspaper reporters attend the meetings and listen to the discussion.
They print whatever is said in the discussion in their news sheets and reports and once these have been distributed through the land the people will know what the official assemblies have been discussing.
The newspapers will report back from the country what moves are popular and what are not; these reports will reach the officials of the two assemblies who can reconsider the matter.
Once a decision is made, it is placed before the monarch, who signs his agreement and it is issued to the country.
ဤသုိ႔မွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔ တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈကုိလုပ္ေဆာင္မည္ ညွိႏႈိင္းၾကသည့္ ကာလ၊သတင္းစာဆရာတုိ႔လည္း ညွိႏႈိင္းရာသုိ႔၀င္၍ နားေထာင္ေစၿပီးလွ်င္ ညွိႏႈိင္း ေျပာဆုိသမွ်စကားကုိ သတင္းစာ ေၾကာ္ျငာစာရုိက္၍ ေန႔စဥ္နုိင္ငံကုိထုတ္သည့္ ကာလ၊ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔က ယခုမွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္စုႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔ စည္းေ၀းတုိင္ပင္ညွိႏႈိင္းၾကသည့္အရာ ကၽြႏ္ုပ္တုိ႔ ႀကိဳက္သည္ မႀကိဳက္သည္မ်ားကုိ နုိင္ငံကျပန္၍ရုိက္သည့္သတင္းစာကုိ မွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္သင္းႏွစ္စုတုိ႔ တဖန္ျပန္၍ ညွိႏႈိင္းၾကၿပီးလွ်င္ အႀကိဳက္မ်ားရာအမႈသုိ႔လုိက္၍ ညွိႏႈိင္းခ်က္ေရးသား မင္းဧကရာဇ္ထံ သြင္းသည့္ကာလ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ထုိး၍ အမိန္႔ေတာ္ျပဳလုပ္ နုိင္ငံကုိ ထုတ္ျပန္ရ သည္။
No business is done solely on the authority of a king, a queen, or one or two ministers. The king or queen just lives pleasantly, enjoying the reign and traveling wherever it may seem called for. They spend their whole time as they will, traveling and eating and drinking enjoyably.
မင္း မိဖုရားတစ္ေယာက္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ေသာ မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ဩဇာအာဏာ ျဖင့္မည္သည့္အမႈကုိမွ် မျပဳမလုပ္။ မင္း မိဖုရားတုိ႔မွာ လည္း မင္းစည္းစိမ္ကုိ ခံစား၍ အလုိရွိရာ ျပဳလုပ္သြားလာ လွည့္ပတ္ေပ်ာ္ပါးကာေနသည္။ အလုိရွိရာအရပ္သုိ႔ အေပ်ာ္အပါး အစားအေသာက္သြားၿပီးလွ်င္ အလုိရွိသမွ် ကာလပတ္လုံး ေနထုိင္နုိင္ သည္။
Things have gone on in this way for over five hundred years up to our time without breaking the consensus or the assemblies and, since the seven rules of aparihāniya have been observed, the peoples of the western countries are at present the most advanced of all lands.
ဤသို႔ျပဳလုပ္၍ ညီညြတ္ျခင္းအစည္းအေ၀း မပ်က္စီး၊ ယခုတုိင္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းငါးရာ ေက်ာ္တည္ရွိသျဖင့္ အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇)ပါးႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံ ေသာေၾကာင့္ ယခုအခါ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံသည္ နုိင္ငံတကာထက္ အလြန္တုိးတက္စည္ပင္ျဖစ္ထြန္း ရွိေလသည္။
In the matter of making the world better for the country, the action of one or two ministers can, indeed, be effective, but among all the people who are involved in the affairs of the country, only those who fit in with those out of all the ministers who have the influence will be happy with the situation: those who adhere to the others will be unhappy.
On the other hand, if many take action in consultation with the country, they will not be wrong, and it is because it is only thus that things can be carried on well that the most Excellent Lord proclaimed that unity demands that there must be an assembly of many people and the harmony of consensus.
နုိင္ငံႏွင့္စပ္၍ေလာကကုိေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ တစ္ေယာက္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ ေသာမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ အမွန္အကန္ကုိပင္ျပဳျငား ေသာ္လည္း မင္း မွဴမတ္တုိ႔၌အေၾကာင္း အေပါင္းသင့္ရာ စြဲမွီကပ္ရပ္ေနသူတုိ႔ အမ်ားအျပားရွိသည္တြင္ ဩဇာရွိေသာသူ တစ္ေယာက္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ႏွင့္ သင့္တင့္သူတုိ႔သာ ၀မ္းေျမာက္၀မ္းသာရွိ၍ က်န္ မွဴးမတ္ တုိ႔ႏွင့္သင့္တင့္သူတုိ႔ ႏွလုံးမသာမယာ ရွိရန္ ရွိသည္တစ္ေၾကာင္း၊ တစ္ေယာက္ ႏွစ္ေယာက္ျပဳလုပ္သည္ထက္ အမ်ားအျပားနုိင္ငံႏွင့္ညွိႏႈိင္း၍ ျပဳလုပ္ရလွ်င္ မွားယြင္း ရန္မရွိ၊ ေကာင္းမြန္မွန္ကန္ရန္သာရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္ လူအမ်ား စည္းေ၀းရမည္ဟူေသာ ´သႏၷိပါတ´ ညီညြတ္ရမည္ဟူေသာ ´သမဂၢ´ကုိ ေဟာေတာ္ မူသည္။
It is not good that the work of improving the world should be in the hands of one or two; that it should lie in many hands is good. In other-worldly affairs and the attainment of the Path, on the other hand, only by a man working by himself can the Path be found.
ေလာကကုိေကာင္းေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ တစ္ေယာက္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ျပဳလုပ္၍ မေကာင္း အမ်ားျပဳလုပ္မွေကာင္းသည္။ေလာကုတၱရာအရာ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ကုိ ရေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္လွ်င္ လည္း တစ္ေယာက္အထီးတည္းျပဳလုပ္မွ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ကုိရသည္။
It is for this reason that the Lord placed establishing unity first among the seven rules of aparihāniya.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ေလာကေကာင္းေၾကာင္း အပရိဟာနိယတရား(၇)ပါး၌ သႏၷိပါတကုိ ေရွ႕ထား၍ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
For the attainment of the Path, he said: ekāyano ayaµ bhikkhave maggo sattānaµ visuddhiyā (monks alone on the way in purity)( M.1 . 1-69/ D.ii. 230) and: eko care khaggavisānakappo. (Solitary as the horned rhinoceros)( SN. 284)
မဂ္ဖုိလ္ကုိရေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ ´ဧကာယေနာ အယံ ဘိကၡေ၀ မေဂၢါ၊ သတၱာနံ ၀ိသုဒၶိယာ´ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း ဧေကာ စေရ ခဂၢ၀ိသာဏ ကေပၸါ´ဟူ၍လည္းေကာင္း တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္တည္း ျပဳလုပ္က်င့္ေဆာင္ရမည္ဟု ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
Each man, he said, must take the sole responsibility for his conduct, but he said too that in the Vajjī country, whatever had to be done must be done by common consent. The four rules of sangaha that he was still to pronounce also entail the ten rules ( Ja. 2-97) that are to be followed by kings.
၀ဇၨီတုိင္း၌ ျပဳခင္းျပဳဖြယ္ရွိသမွ်ကုိ အညီအညြတ္ျပဳလုပ္ရမည္ ဆုိသည္လည္း ဆုိလတံ့ေသာ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး၊ မင္းက်င့္တရား (၁၀)ပါး အစရွိသည္တုိ႔ကုိ ပင္ျပဳလုပ္ရလိမ့္မည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
ဇာတကအ႒ကထာ ၂၁.အသီတိနိပါတ၊ ၅၃၄.မဟာဟံသဇာတ္ ႏွာ-၅-၄၀၃
မူလပဏာသ၊မူလပရိယာယ၀ဂၢ၊၁၀.မဟာသတိပ႒ာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၆၉
သုတၱနိပါတ၊၁.ဥရဂ၀ဂၢ၊၃.ခဂၢ၀ိသာဏသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂၈၄
မဟာ၀ဂၢ၊ ၉.မဟာသတိပ႒ာနသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃၇၃
ဥပရိပဏာသ၊၃.သုညတ၀ဂၢ၊၈.ဥပကၠိေလသသုတ္ ႏွာ-၂၃၆
