7. False belief in the five great sacrifices
While the Lord was staying in the Jetavana (M,A . 1-62)Monastery for the performance of his religious duties, King Pasenadī of Kosala ( D.II Abhinava Tø -214) carried out great and famous sacrifices.
In the course of these sacrifices five hundred bulls, five hundred bull calves, five hundred heifers, and five hundred goats were tied up at the place of sacrifice and after they were killed the King caused the Brahmans (-) to make offering of the blood drawn from their throats to Sandī and other such godlings. After this he devoted great offerings to the Brahmans.
သာ၀တၳိျပည္၊ ေဇတ၀န္ေက်ာင္းေတာ္၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနေတာ္မူစဥ္ ပေသနဒီေကာသလမင္းႀကီး၏ ႀကီးက်ယ္စြာေသာ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္းသည္ ျဖစ္၏ထုိယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၌ႏြားလားဥသဘငါးရာ၊ႏြားထီးငယ္ငါးရာ၊ ႏြားမငယ္ငါးရာ၊ဆိတ္ငါးရာ၊သုိးငါးရာ တုိ႔ကုိ ယဇ္တုိင္၌ ခ်ည္၍သတ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ လည္ေခ်ာင္းေသြးျဖင့္ စႏၵီအစရွိေသာ နတ္တုိ႔အား ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ ပူေဇာ္ေစၿပီး ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အားမ်ားစြာေသာအလွဴကုိ ေပးရ ကုန္၏။
Monks who had come in for their food heard about this and told the most Excellent Lord. He, wishing to explain to them that this sort of sacrifice was wrong and that the only good sacrifice was one that did not involve killing, pronounced the following gāthā, which is recorded in the scriptures:
ထုိအေၾကာင္းကုိဆြမ္းခံ၀င္ေသာရဟန္းတုိ႔ၾကား၍ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားအား ေလွ်ာက္ထားရာ ထုိယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၏ မေကာင္းျခင္း၊သူ၏အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္းမရွိေသာ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း သည္သာလွ်င္ေကာင္း၏ဟု ေဟာေတာ္မူလုိေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္-
That is to say: -- There is a belief that there are ornaments known as the Five Jewels, among which is counted the assamedha sacrifice which involves the slaughter of a horse along with nine thousand seven hundred other animals and their offering up; the sacrifice which is called pūrisamedha involves dedication of a man and killing him along with nine thousand seven hundred wild animals and offering them up; that the sacrifice that is called sammapāsa means offering the burden of a train of loaded waggons by casting them into the waters of the Sūrassatī river and dedicating a sacrificial pillar at the place where this was done; that the sacrifice called vājapeyya involves killing seventeen kinds of wild animals and making offering to the Brahmans and then drinking ghi; that the sacrifice known as niraggala consists in leaving all doors open without bolt or bar, for the Brahmans to take whatever they want -- a sacrifice like that described as the assamedha.
All these “Five Great Sacrifices” involve killing large numbers of animals and offering them up and it is claimed that great benefits derive from them. This belief is utterly false.
၁။ အဆင္းငါးပါးရွိေသာ ပဥၥရတနမည္ေသာျမင္းကုိ အမွဴးထား၍ ကုိးေထာင္ခုနစ္ရာ ကုန္ေသာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ကာ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´အႆေမဓ´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊ ၂။လူေယာက်ၤားကုိအႀကီးအမွဴးထား၍ ကုိးေထာင္ခုနစ္ရာကုန္ေသာ သားတုိ႔ကုိ သတ္ကာ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´ပုရိသေမဓ´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊၃။သူရႆတီျမစ္ ေရငုပ္ရာ အရပ္သုိ႔ ပူေဇာ္ဖြယ္ကုိတင္ယူသြားေသာ လွည္းရထား၏ ထမ္းပုိးက်ည္းကုိပစ္ကာ က်ရာအရပ္၌ယဇ္တုိင္စုိက္ၿပီး ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ´သမၼာပါသ´ မည္ေသာယဇ္၊ ၄။ တစ္ဆယ့္ ခုနစ္ေကာင္ကုန္ေသာ သားတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ တစ္ဆယ့္ခုနစ္မ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကုိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အား လွဴၿပီး ေထာပတ္ကုိေသာက္ရ ေသာ ´၀ါဇေပယ်´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊၅။တံခါးက်ည္မင္းတုပ္ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ အလုိရွိရာေပး၍ အႆေမဓ၌ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးသည့္အတုိင္း ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´နိရဂၢဠ´မည္ေသာယဇ္-ဟူကုန္ေသာ သတၱ၀ါမ်ားစြာတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးစုတုိ႔သည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးမရွိနုိင္၊မျဖစ္နုိင္ကုန္။
Whether it is sheep or goats or cattle that are called for, the special characteristic of these sacrifices is that the animals are to be killed. All the Buddhas unite in rejecting such offerings of the death of animals.
ဆိတ္သုိးႏြားစေသာသတၱ၀ါအထူးအျပားတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ရာယဇ္သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစြာ က်င့္ကုန္ ေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားတုိ႔သည္ မကပ္မလာေရာက္ကုန္။
All their sacrifices are innocent of the death of animals. Making offerings in ways like niccabhatta (a continuous food-supply for monks) are the ways that befit them.
In making such sacrifices as these, there is no killing of sheep and goats or of cattle. Only when there is no deprivation of life involved in the offering can the Excellent Lords approach the sacrifice.
သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ျခင္းမရွိ၊အခါခပ္သိမ္းနိစၥ၀တ္အစရွိေသာ မိမိအားေလွ်ာ္ေသာ အလွဴကုိ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ရာယဇ္၌ ဆိတ္၊သုိး၊ႏြားစေသာ သတၱ၀ါအထူးအျပားတုိ႔ကုိ မသတ္ရ။ဤသူ႔အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ျခင္း ဟူေသာယဇ္သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစြာက်င့္ကုန္ေသာ ဘုရားရွင္တုိ႔သည္ လာေရာက္ၾကကုန္၏။
Men of wisdom will make their sacrifices in the form of offerings like these, free of killing. Such sacrifices that do not involve killing bring great benefits.
An offering that is free of destroying life is right for a wise man; it is a matter to be proud of and carries no fault. It appeases the deities.
အုိပညာရွိတုိ႔! အသက္သတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ အလွဴေပးျခင္းဟူေသာယဇ္ကုိ လွဴဒါန္းၾက ကုန္ေလာ့။ ဤလွဴဒါန္းျခင္းသည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာ အက်ိဳးရွိ၏။ဤယဇ္မ်ိဳးကုိ လွဴဒါန္းေသာ ပညာရွိသည္ ယုတ္မာျခင္းမျဖစ္ဘဲ ျမင့္ျမတ္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္၏။ ယဇ္သည္ လည္း ႀကီးက်ယ္ျပန္႔ေျပာ၊နတ္တုိ႔လည္း ႀကည္ညိဳကုန္၏။
Sandī [Candi], Paramīthvā [Parameshwar] and vissano [Vishnu] and other Hindø deities are the chief deities whom the Brahmans reverence. They are held to be supreme and in the belief of Brahmans of high rank, who are steeped in the books of their rituals, when an offering is made, animals must be killed and the blood from their throats offered to these spirits, believed to be the greatest.
This offering is the proper sacrifice, called yañña ( A³- A iii -194). They falsely believe that the great spirits are pleased with this blood offering and will provide benefits according to what the sacrificer wants.
စႏၵီ၊ပရမီသြာ၊ဗိႆနုိးစေသာ ဟိႏၵဴတုိ႔ကုိးကြယ္ေသာ နတ္ႀကီးတုိ႔ကုိ အႀကီးအမွဴးထား၍ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔၏ အယူ၀ါဒအားျဖင့္ က်င့္၀တ္သိကၡာႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ နတ္တုိ႔အားပူေဇာ္ျခင္းသည္ ယဇ္မည္၏။ ဤသုိ႔ လည္ေခ်ာင္းေသြးျဖင့္ အပူေဇာ္ကုိခံရေသာနတ္တုိ႔ ႏွစ္သက္၍ အလုိရွိရာအက်ိဳးကုိ ေပးနုိင္သည္ဟု ထင္မွားၾကကုန္၏။
In fact, a sacrifice that is an offering made by killing animals can provide no important benefits. Only if the offering made is free of destroying life can the benefits derived be great. This means that the king of the Gods is satisfied.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ပူေဇာ္ေသာယဇ္သည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးကုိမေပးနုိင္။သူ၏အသက္ကုိ သတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ လွဴဒါန္းေပးကမ္းျခင္းသည္သာလွ်င္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးကုိေပးနုိင္သည္။ နတ္မင္းႀကီး တုိ႔သည္လည္း ႏွစ္သက္ၾက ကုန္၏ ဟူလုိ။
These five “Great Sacrifices” are not of great antiquity. It is said in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta of the Suttanipāta ( Sn -324) that they date from the time of King Ukkæka of the Sækiya dynasty.
ဤယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးသည္ ေရွးအထက္ကာလက မရွိေလ၊သာကီ၀င္မင္းတုိ႔၏ အဦးအစဥကၠာကမင္းမွစ၍ ျဖစ္သည္ဟု သုတၱနိပါတ္ပါဠိေတာ္ ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ----
မူလပဏာသ အ႒ကထာ-၁၊မူလပရိယာယ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၁-၆၂
သီ ဋီ သစ္၂၊ ၃.အမၺ႒သုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၂၁၄
သဂါထာ၀ဂၢ၊ ၃.ေကာသလသံယုတ္၊ ၉.ယညသုတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၇၆
သုတၱနိပါတ၊ ၂.စူဠ၀ဂၢ၊ ၇.ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃၂၄
While the Lord was staying in the Jetavana (M,A . 1-62)Monastery for the performance of his religious duties, King Pasenadī of Kosala ( D.II Abhinava Tø -214) carried out great and famous sacrifices.
In the course of these sacrifices five hundred bulls, five hundred bull calves, five hundred heifers, and five hundred goats were tied up at the place of sacrifice and after they were killed the King caused the Brahmans (-) to make offering of the blood drawn from their throats to Sandī and other such godlings. After this he devoted great offerings to the Brahmans.
သာ၀တၳိျပည္၊ ေဇတ၀န္ေက်ာင္းေတာ္၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနေတာ္မူစဥ္ ပေသနဒီေကာသလမင္းႀကီး၏ ႀကီးက်ယ္စြာေသာ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္းသည္ ျဖစ္၏ထုိယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၌ႏြားလားဥသဘငါးရာ၊ႏြားထီးငယ္ငါးရာ၊ ႏြားမငယ္ငါးရာ၊ဆိတ္ငါးရာ၊သုိးငါးရာ တုိ႔ကုိ ယဇ္တုိင္၌ ခ်ည္၍သတ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ လည္ေခ်ာင္းေသြးျဖင့္ စႏၵီအစရွိေသာ နတ္တုိ႔အား ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ ပူေဇာ္ေစၿပီး ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အားမ်ားစြာေသာအလွဴကုိ ေပးရ ကုန္၏။
Monks who had come in for their food heard about this and told the most Excellent Lord. He, wishing to explain to them that this sort of sacrifice was wrong and that the only good sacrifice was one that did not involve killing, pronounced the following gāthā, which is recorded in the scriptures:
ထုိအေၾကာင္းကုိဆြမ္းခံ၀င္ေသာရဟန္းတုိ႔ၾကား၍ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားအား ေလွ်ာက္ထားရာ ထုိယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၏ မေကာင္းျခင္း၊သူ၏အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္းမရွိေသာ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း သည္သာလွ်င္ေကာင္း၏ဟု ေဟာေတာ္မူလုိေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္-
That is to say: -- There is a belief that there are ornaments known as the Five Jewels, among which is counted the assamedha sacrifice which involves the slaughter of a horse along with nine thousand seven hundred other animals and their offering up; the sacrifice which is called pūrisamedha involves dedication of a man and killing him along with nine thousand seven hundred wild animals and offering them up; that the sacrifice that is called sammapāsa means offering the burden of a train of loaded waggons by casting them into the waters of the Sūrassatī river and dedicating a sacrificial pillar at the place where this was done; that the sacrifice called vājapeyya involves killing seventeen kinds of wild animals and making offering to the Brahmans and then drinking ghi; that the sacrifice known as niraggala consists in leaving all doors open without bolt or bar, for the Brahmans to take whatever they want -- a sacrifice like that described as the assamedha.
All these “Five Great Sacrifices” involve killing large numbers of animals and offering them up and it is claimed that great benefits derive from them. This belief is utterly false.
၁။ အဆင္းငါးပါးရွိေသာ ပဥၥရတနမည္ေသာျမင္းကုိ အမွဴးထား၍ ကုိးေထာင္ခုနစ္ရာ ကုန္ေသာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ကာ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´အႆေမဓ´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊ ၂။လူေယာက်ၤားကုိအႀကီးအမွဴးထား၍ ကုိးေထာင္ခုနစ္ရာကုန္ေသာ သားတုိ႔ကုိ သတ္ကာ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´ပုရိသေမဓ´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊၃။သူရႆတီျမစ္ ေရငုပ္ရာ အရပ္သုိ႔ ပူေဇာ္ဖြယ္ကုိတင္ယူသြားေသာ လွည္းရထား၏ ထမ္းပုိးက်ည္းကုိပစ္ကာ က်ရာအရပ္၌ယဇ္တုိင္စုိက္ၿပီး ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ´သမၼာပါသ´ မည္ေသာယဇ္၊ ၄။ တစ္ဆယ့္ ခုနစ္ေကာင္ကုန္ေသာ သားတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ တစ္ဆယ့္ခုနစ္မ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကုိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အား လွဴၿပီး ေထာပတ္ကုိေသာက္ရ ေသာ ´၀ါဇေပယ်´မည္ေသာယဇ္၊၅။တံခါးက်ည္မင္းတုပ္ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ အလုိရွိရာေပး၍ အႆေမဓ၌ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးသည့္အတုိင္း ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ´နိရဂၢဠ´မည္ေသာယဇ္-ဟူကုန္ေသာ သတၱ၀ါမ်ားစြာတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ပူေဇာ္ရေသာ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးစုတုိ႔သည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးမရွိနုိင္၊မျဖစ္နုိင္ကုန္။
Whether it is sheep or goats or cattle that are called for, the special characteristic of these sacrifices is that the animals are to be killed. All the Buddhas unite in rejecting such offerings of the death of animals.
ဆိတ္သုိးႏြားစေသာသတၱ၀ါအထူးအျပားတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ရာယဇ္သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစြာ က်င့္ကုန္ ေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားတုိ႔သည္ မကပ္မလာေရာက္ကုန္။
All their sacrifices are innocent of the death of animals. Making offerings in ways like niccabhatta (a continuous food-supply for monks) are the ways that befit them.
In making such sacrifices as these, there is no killing of sheep and goats or of cattle. Only when there is no deprivation of life involved in the offering can the Excellent Lords approach the sacrifice.
သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္ျခင္းမရွိ၊အခါခပ္သိမ္းနိစၥ၀တ္အစရွိေသာ မိမိအားေလွ်ာ္ေသာ အလွဴကုိ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ရာယဇ္၌ ဆိတ္၊သုိး၊ႏြားစေသာ သတၱ၀ါအထူးအျပားတုိ႔ကုိ မသတ္ရ။ဤသူ႔အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ျခင္း ဟူေသာယဇ္သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစြာက်င့္ကုန္ေသာ ဘုရားရွင္တုိ႔သည္ လာေရာက္ၾကကုန္၏။
Men of wisdom will make their sacrifices in the form of offerings like these, free of killing. Such sacrifices that do not involve killing bring great benefits.
An offering that is free of destroying life is right for a wise man; it is a matter to be proud of and carries no fault. It appeases the deities.
အုိပညာရွိတုိ႔! အသက္သတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ အလွဴေပးျခင္းဟူေသာယဇ္ကုိ လွဴဒါန္းၾက ကုန္ေလာ့။ ဤလွဴဒါန္းျခင္းသည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာ အက်ိဳးရွိ၏။ဤယဇ္မ်ိဳးကုိ လွဴဒါန္းေသာ ပညာရွိသည္ ယုတ္မာျခင္းမျဖစ္ဘဲ ျမင့္ျမတ္ျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္၏။ ယဇ္သည္ လည္း ႀကီးက်ယ္ျပန္႔ေျပာ၊နတ္တုိ႔လည္း ႀကည္ညိဳကုန္၏။
Sandī [Candi], Paramīthvā [Parameshwar] and vissano [Vishnu] and other Hindø deities are the chief deities whom the Brahmans reverence. They are held to be supreme and in the belief of Brahmans of high rank, who are steeped in the books of their rituals, when an offering is made, animals must be killed and the blood from their throats offered to these spirits, believed to be the greatest.
This offering is the proper sacrifice, called yañña ( A³- A iii -194). They falsely believe that the great spirits are pleased with this blood offering and will provide benefits according to what the sacrificer wants.
စႏၵီ၊ပရမီသြာ၊ဗိႆနုိးစေသာ ဟိႏၵဴတုိ႔ကုိးကြယ္ေသာ နတ္ႀကီးတုိ႔ကုိ အႀကီးအမွဴးထား၍ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔၏ အယူ၀ါဒအားျဖင့္ က်င့္၀တ္သိကၡာႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိ လွဴဒါန္းပူေဇာ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ နတ္တုိ႔အားပူေဇာ္ျခင္းသည္ ယဇ္မည္၏။ ဤသုိ႔ လည္ေခ်ာင္းေသြးျဖင့္ အပူေဇာ္ကုိခံရေသာနတ္တုိ႔ ႏွစ္သက္၍ အလုိရွိရာအက်ိဳးကုိ ေပးနုိင္သည္ဟု ထင္မွားၾကကုန္၏။
In fact, a sacrifice that is an offering made by killing animals can provide no important benefits. Only if the offering made is free of destroying life can the benefits derived be great. This means that the king of the Gods is satisfied.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ပူေဇာ္ေသာယဇ္သည္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးကုိမေပးနုိင္။သူ၏အသက္ကုိ သတ္ျခင္းကင္းေသာ လွဴဒါန္းေပးကမ္းျခင္းသည္သာလွ်င္ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအက်ိဳးကုိေပးနုိင္သည္။ နတ္မင္းႀကီး တုိ႔သည္လည္း ႏွစ္သက္ၾက ကုန္၏ ဟူလုိ။
These five “Great Sacrifices” are not of great antiquity. It is said in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta of the Suttanipāta ( Sn -324) that they date from the time of King Ukkæka of the Sækiya dynasty.
ဤယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးသည္ ေရွးအထက္ကာလက မရွိေလ၊သာကီ၀င္မင္းတုိ႔၏ အဦးအစဥကၠာကမင္းမွစ၍ ျဖစ္သည္ဟု သုတၱနိပါတ္ပါဠိေတာ္ ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ----
မူလပဏာသ အ႒ကထာ-၁၊မူလပရိယာယ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၁-၆၂
သီ ဋီ သစ္၂၊ ၃.အမၺ႒သုတ္ ႏွာ-၂-၂၁၄
သဂါထာ၀ဂၢ၊ ၃.ေကာသလသံယုတ္၊ ၉.ယညသုတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၇၆
သုတၱနိပါတ၊ ၂.စူဠ၀ဂၢ၊ ၇.ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃၂၄
