8. The four rules of sangaha concerning praise and advancement through the whole kingdom
In the time before that of King Ukkæka there were the four principles of sa³gaha, called:
1. Sassamedha
2. Pūrisamedha
3. Sammāpāsa
4. Vācāpeyya.
ဤဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီး မျဖစ္မီေရွ႕အခါ၌ (၁) သႆေမဓ၊(၂) ပုရိသေမဓ၊(၃) သမၼာပါသ၊(၄) ၀ါစာေပယ် ဟူ၍ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး ရွိကုန္၏။
Those who carry on the work of government, kings who are masters of states, follow these principles in recognising and promoting those who guard the welfare of the lands which they rule.
သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးဟူသည္ကား အႀကီးအအုပ္အစုိးရျပဳလုပ္ကုန္ေသာသူတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊မိမိတုိ႔အုပ္စုိးေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ စည္ပင္သာယာေအာင္ေစာင္မၾကည့္ရႈ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳနည္းပင္တည္း။
If they desire to advance any particular person, to give him a special appointment or to do him a favour, this can always be done.
တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ သူေကာင္းျပဳလုိလွ်င္ အရာအထူးေပးျခင္း၊ဆုလာဘ္ေပးျခင္းကုိ ျပဳရသည္။
If, on the other hand, it is hoped to advance the whole country, these principles will be followed.
နုိင္ငံတစ္ခုလုံးကုိ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳလုိလွ်င္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳရသည္။
Out of the four, the first is that of sassamedha and under this ministers and people consult together on the proportion of the land’s production that can be extracted. The law is passed and taxes are collected without trouble, with no question of over- or under-collection.
ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ သႆေမဓဟူသည္ကား တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံ၌ ေပၚေပါက္ က်ေရာက္ေနေသာ ျဖစ္ထြန္းသမွ်ေသာ စီးပြါးခ်မ္းသာတုိ႔မွ မွဴးမတ္၊ျပည္သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ညွိႏႈိင္းၿပီးလွ်င္ မည္ေရြ႕မည္မွ်ေကာက္ခံမည္ဟု ထားရွိသည့္ဥပေဒအတုိင္း အပုိအလုိ မရွိ မနာၾကည္းရေအာင္ အခြန္အတုတ္ ခံယူျခင္းပင္တည္း။
If we rely on these commentaries, there is no prescriptive ten percent laid down. The general state of the country and its economic strength are considered an agreement is reached on the proper rate of collection.
ဤပါဠိ အ႒ကထာကုိေထာက္လွ်င္ ဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔သာမဟုတ္ နုိင္ငံအင္အားအေလွ်ာက္ ညွိႏႈိင္း၍ ေကာက္ခံသင့္သည္။
In the “Saµyutta Commentary”(S.i Ti -174) it is said that in past times, at the institution of the "Five Great Sacrifices”, the rate of collection of the sassamedha tax was one part in ten.
သံယုတ္အ႒ကထာ၊ဣတိ၀ုတ္အ႒ကထာ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးအဖြင့္တြင္ ဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔ သႆေမဓ ေရွးကေကာက္ခံသည္ဟု ဆုိသည္။
In the Pāli scriptures however, no precise proportion is prescribed and we must note that only so much as is right for the country’s condition should be collected.
သုိ႔ေသာ္လည္း ပါဠိေတာ္တြင္ မည္ေရြ႕မည္မွ်အဖုိ႔အစုမပါေသာေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံ အင္အား အေလွ်ာက္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေအာင္ ေကာက္ခံျခင္းသည္သာ သင့္တင့္ ေကာင္းမြန္ သည္ဟု မွတ္ရမည္။
As for the meaning of the word, although strictly the word sassa refers to the rice plant, in its usage it has to be taken as meaning whatever can be properly taxed like the rice crop. It means the data basic to a taxation system.
သဒၵါနက္အားျဖင့္ ´သႆ´သဒၵါေကာက္ပင္ကုိေဟာေသာ္လည္း အဓိပၸါယ္အားျဖင့္ ေကာက္ခံသင့္သမွ်ေသာ အခြန္ကုိယူသင့္သည္။ အခြန္ခံတတ္ေသာၪာဏ္ဟု ဆုိလုိသည္။
What is called pūrisamedha is the distribution, out of the taxes collected, of their subsistence to the king, ministers and military, whether high or low in rank, all who have the duty of safeguarding the country.
မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္၊ရဲမက္၊လက္နက္ကုိင္စေသာ နုိင္ငံကုိထိမ္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးစဥ္ငယ္လုိက္ ဤေကာက္ခံ၍ရေသာအခြန္ကုိ စားသုံးေလာက္ေအာင္ေပးျခင္းသည္ ပုရိသေမဓမည္၏။
It means the knowledge of how to order those who have the duty of guarding the country in their ranks and in the hierarchy of their emoluments.
နုိင္ငံကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ထိမ္းသိမ္းေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးစဥ္ငယ္လုိက္ ေနရာက်ေအာင္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပးကမ္းတတ္ေသာ ၪာဏ္ကုိ ဆုိလုိသည္။
What is called sammāpāsa is giving support in their work to the merchants and farmers, to make them effective, to give them facilities and remove obstructions; giving aid where aid is called for. Much more important than these is help in obtaining capital for traders and farmers who lack it for their work in the shape of interest free loans. All this is sammāpāsa.
ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ကူးသန္းအားရွိေအာင္ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိဖြင့္၍ အခြင့္ေပးျခင္း၊ေစာင္မသင့္သမွ် ေစာင္မၾကည့္ရႈျခင္း၊ထုိ႔ထက္အလြန္လည္း ကူးသန္း လုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ အရင္းအႏွီးမရွိေသာ ဆင္းရဲပင္ပန္းေသာ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ကူးသန္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ အတုိးအပြါးမရွိ အရင္းအႏွီးေပးကမ္း မစျခင္းသည္ သမၼာပါသ မည္၏။
Small traders and farmers must not be tempted towards loyalty to the rulers of foreign countries. They must only feel affection and loyalty to the rulers of their own land. Sammāpāsa means the skill of holding the minds of the small traders as though in a net or snare.
ကုန္သည္လယ္ယာလုပ္ေဆာင္သူတုိ႔၏ စိတ္ႏွလုံးသည္ အျခားနုိင္ငံက မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္ တုိ႔ကုိ အားကုိးခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ျခင္းမရွိ၊ ကုိယ့္နိုင္ငံက မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ကုိသာ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ အားကုိးေအာင္ ကုန္သည္ေတာင္သူတုိ႔၏ စိတ္ႏွလုံးကုိ ေက်ာ့ကြင္းႏွင့္ခ်ည္ သကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပဳလုပ္တတ္ေသာၪာဏ္ကုိ ဆုိလုိသည္။
Vācāpeyya means the use of cheerful language and of speaking so as to inspire love.
ၿပဳံးျခင္းေရွ႕သြားရွိေသာ ခ်စ္ခင္ဖြယ္စကားကုိ ေျပာဆုိျခင္းသည္ ၀ါစာေပယ်မည္၏။
က်မ္းကုိး---
သဂါထာ၀ဂၢ ဋီကာ၊ ၃.ေကာသလသံယုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၁၇၉
ပါထိက၀ဂၢ၊ ၄.အဂၢညသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၃-၇၇၁ ႒-၃-၅၃
In the time before that of King Ukkæka there were the four principles of sa³gaha, called:
1. Sassamedha
2. Pūrisamedha
3. Sammāpāsa
4. Vācāpeyya.
ဤဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီး မျဖစ္မီေရွ႕အခါ၌ (၁) သႆေမဓ၊(၂) ပုရိသေမဓ၊(၃) သမၼာပါသ၊(၄) ၀ါစာေပယ် ဟူ၍ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး ရွိကုန္၏။
Those who carry on the work of government, kings who are masters of states, follow these principles in recognising and promoting those who guard the welfare of the lands which they rule.
သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးဟူသည္ကား အႀကီးအအုပ္အစုိးရျပဳလုပ္ကုန္ေသာသူတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊မိမိတုိ႔အုပ္စုိးေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကုိ စည္ပင္သာယာေအာင္ေစာင္မၾကည့္ရႈ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳနည္းပင္တည္း။
If they desire to advance any particular person, to give him a special appointment or to do him a favour, this can always be done.
တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ သူေကာင္းျပဳလုိလွ်င္ အရာအထူးေပးျခင္း၊ဆုလာဘ္ေပးျခင္းကုိ ျပဳရသည္။
If, on the other hand, it is hoped to advance the whole country, these principles will be followed.
နုိင္ငံတစ္ခုလုံးကုိ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳလုိလွ်င္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္သူေကာင္းျပဳရသည္။
Out of the four, the first is that of sassamedha and under this ministers and people consult together on the proportion of the land’s production that can be extracted. The law is passed and taxes are collected without trouble, with no question of over- or under-collection.
ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ သႆေမဓဟူသည္ကား တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံ၌ ေပၚေပါက္ က်ေရာက္ေနေသာ ျဖစ္ထြန္းသမွ်ေသာ စီးပြါးခ်မ္းသာတုိ႔မွ မွဴးမတ္၊ျပည္သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ညွိႏႈိင္းၿပီးလွ်င္ မည္ေရြ႕မည္မွ်ေကာက္ခံမည္ဟု ထားရွိသည့္ဥပေဒအတုိင္း အပုိအလုိ မရွိ မနာၾကည္းရေအာင္ အခြန္အတုတ္ ခံယူျခင္းပင္တည္း။
If we rely on these commentaries, there is no prescriptive ten percent laid down. The general state of the country and its economic strength are considered an agreement is reached on the proper rate of collection.
ဤပါဠိ အ႒ကထာကုိေထာက္လွ်င္ ဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔သာမဟုတ္ နုိင္ငံအင္အားအေလွ်ာက္ ညွိႏႈိင္း၍ ေကာက္ခံသင့္သည္။
In the “Saµyutta Commentary”(S.i Ti -174) it is said that in past times, at the institution of the "Five Great Sacrifices”, the rate of collection of the sassamedha tax was one part in ten.
သံယုတ္အ႒ကထာ၊ဣတိ၀ုတ္အ႒ကထာ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးအဖြင့္တြင္ ဆယ္ဖုိ႔တစ္ဖုိ႔ သႆေမဓ ေရွးကေကာက္ခံသည္ဟု ဆုိသည္။
In the Pāli scriptures however, no precise proportion is prescribed and we must note that only so much as is right for the country’s condition should be collected.
သုိ႔ေသာ္လည္း ပါဠိေတာ္တြင္ မည္ေရြ႕မည္မွ်အဖုိ႔အစုမပါေသာေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံ အင္အား အေလွ်ာက္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေအာင္ ေကာက္ခံျခင္းသည္သာ သင့္တင့္ ေကာင္းမြန္ သည္ဟု မွတ္ရမည္။
As for the meaning of the word, although strictly the word sassa refers to the rice plant, in its usage it has to be taken as meaning whatever can be properly taxed like the rice crop. It means the data basic to a taxation system.
သဒၵါနက္အားျဖင့္ ´သႆ´သဒၵါေကာက္ပင္ကုိေဟာေသာ္လည္း အဓိပၸါယ္အားျဖင့္ ေကာက္ခံသင့္သမွ်ေသာ အခြန္ကုိယူသင့္သည္။ အခြန္ခံတတ္ေသာၪာဏ္ဟု ဆုိလုိသည္။
What is called pūrisamedha is the distribution, out of the taxes collected, of their subsistence to the king, ministers and military, whether high or low in rank, all who have the duty of safeguarding the country.
မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္၊ရဲမက္၊လက္နက္ကုိင္စေသာ နုိင္ငံကုိထိမ္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးစဥ္ငယ္လုိက္ ဤေကာက္ခံ၍ရေသာအခြန္ကုိ စားသုံးေလာက္ေအာင္ေပးျခင္းသည္ ပုရိသေမဓမည္၏။
It means the knowledge of how to order those who have the duty of guarding the country in their ranks and in the hierarchy of their emoluments.
နုိင္ငံကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ထိမ္းသိမ္းေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ႀကီးစဥ္ငယ္လုိက္ ေနရာက်ေအာင္ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ေပးကမ္းတတ္ေသာ ၪာဏ္ကုိ ဆုိလုိသည္။
What is called sammāpāsa is giving support in their work to the merchants and farmers, to make them effective, to give them facilities and remove obstructions; giving aid where aid is called for. Much more important than these is help in obtaining capital for traders and farmers who lack it for their work in the shape of interest free loans. All this is sammāpāsa.
ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ကူးသန္းအားရွိေအာင္ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိဖြင့္၍ အခြင့္ေပးျခင္း၊ေစာင္မသင့္သမွ် ေစာင္မၾကည့္ရႈျခင္း၊ထုိ႔ထက္အလြန္လည္း ကူးသန္း လုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ အရင္းအႏွီးမရွိေသာ ဆင္းရဲပင္ပန္းေသာ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ကူးသန္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ရန္ အတုိးအပြါးမရွိ အရင္းအႏွီးေပးကမ္း မစျခင္းသည္ သမၼာပါသ မည္၏။
Small traders and farmers must not be tempted towards loyalty to the rulers of foreign countries. They must only feel affection and loyalty to the rulers of their own land. Sammāpāsa means the skill of holding the minds of the small traders as though in a net or snare.
ကုန္သည္လယ္ယာလုပ္ေဆာင္သူတုိ႔၏ စိတ္ႏွလုံးသည္ အျခားနုိင္ငံက မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္ တုိ႔ကုိ အားကုိးခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ျခင္းမရွိ၊ ကုိယ့္နိုင္ငံက မင္း၊မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ကုိသာ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံမက္ အားကုိးေအာင္ ကုန္သည္ေတာင္သူတုိ႔၏ စိတ္ႏွလုံးကုိ ေက်ာ့ကြင္းႏွင့္ခ်ည္ သကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပဳလုပ္တတ္ေသာၪာဏ္ကုိ ဆုိလုိသည္။
Vācāpeyya means the use of cheerful language and of speaking so as to inspire love.
ၿပဳံးျခင္းေရွ႕သြားရွိေသာ ခ်စ္ခင္ဖြယ္စကားကုိ ေျပာဆုိျခင္းသည္ ၀ါစာေပယ်မည္၏။
က်မ္းကုိး---
သဂါထာ၀ဂၢ ဋီကာ၊ ၃.ေကာသလသံယုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၁၇၉
ပါထိက၀ဂၢ၊ ၄.အဂၢညသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၃-၇၇၁ ႒-၃-၅၃
