၁။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ေလးေယာက္
In the world there are four types of pretended friends that are to be avoided as one would a mortal danger and four types of true friends that are to be loved and kept as close as one's own children. People must recognise among these eight types the false friends and avoid them.
ေလာက၌ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သု႔ိေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္၊ရင္မွျဖစ္ေသာသားကဲ့သုိ႔ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံ မက္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းေလးေယာက္၊ ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းရွစ္မ်ိဳး တုိ႔ကုိလည္း လူတုိ႔မည္သည္ေကာင္းစြာသိ၍ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ ၏။
The Singāla Sutta will be our guide to these four types, as follows:
ဤရွစ္ေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတု ခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ သုတ္ပါေထယ် ပါဠိေတာ္ သိဂၤါလသုတ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
“Cattāro me gahapatiputta amittā mittapatirūpakā veditabbā. Aññadatthu haro amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo, vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako vedi tabbo, anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mitta patirūpako veditabbo, apāyasahāyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, those who show as seeming friendship while not being true
friends are of four kinds, which must be recognised.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္မဟုတ္ဘဲလွ်က္ မိတ္ေဆြတုျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ ဤဆုိလတံ့ေသာေလး ေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ သိအပ္ကုန္၏။
There are the ones who come with empty hands to your house, and by means of giving high praise to your dress and ornaments, really seek to get possession of your goods; they must be seen as seeming friends and no true comrades.
အေဆြခင္ပြန္းအိမ္သုိ႔ မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍ အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိ ခ်ီး မြမ္းျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ စင္စစ္သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာ ယူေဆာင္တတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္း ေကာင္း။
There are the ones who excel in talk, but their words come from the mouth only, not from the heart, and they must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades and whose words have no generosity or effect. There are the ones who have no truth in their nature, who may speak affectionately, but must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades.
မုသာစြဲ၍ဝမ္းထဲမပါ ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုႏွင့္ အမႈသေဘာကုိ မစစ္ ခ်စ္ဖြယ္အႀကိဳက္လုိက္၍ ဆုိတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုလည္းေကာင္း။
There are the ones who are only good for wasting property and must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades.
ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။
Among these four types of pretended friends, the one whose interest lies in taking the goods of others is called the aññadatthuhara (rapacious) type and must be seen as one of the four types of false friend.
ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာကုိသာရေအာင္ယူတတ္ေသာအညဒတၳဳဟရ မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
The text continues: -
“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
“Aññadatthuharo hoti, appena bahumicchati; bhayassa kiccaµ karoti, sevati atthakāra¼ā.
“Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mitta patirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, the aññadatthuhara must be seen as one of the four types of false friend.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။
He comes empty-handed to his friend's house and praises the beauty of his clothes and ornaments, but only hopes to get hold of someone else's property.
အေဆြအိမ္သုိ႔မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ စင္စစ္ သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာ ယူေဆာင္တတ္၏။
His own possessions are small and he covets another's greater wealth.
မိမိဥစၥာအနည္းအငယ္ျဖင့္ သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာအမ်ားကုိ လုိခ်င္တတ္၏။
If danger comes and action is called for, this sort of friend will play a slave's part - he will not act as a friend.
မိမိအားေဘးေရာက္လတ္ေသာ္ ထုိေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ အမႈႀကီးငယ္ျပဳဖြယ္ကိစၥကုိ ေက်းကၽြန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္၏။ ေမတၱာ စိတ္ျဖင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးသည္မဟုတ္။
He is only looking for his own profit and will not stand firm as a friend should.
မိမိအက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိလုိေသာေၾကာင့္သာလွ်င္ မွီဝဲေပါင္းသင္း၏၊ ေမတၱာခ်စ္စိတ္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔သျဖင့္ ျပဳလုပ္သည္ မဟုတ္။
Sons of householders, it is thus that you may recognise the aññadatthuhara type of pretended friend among the four types.
သူႂကြယ္သားေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။
Among pretended friends of these four types are others whose generous actions, it seems, lies on their lips only; they are to be recognised as vacīparamā (excelling in words), as the text says:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္ေသာ ဝစီပရမ မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hænehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Atītena pa¥isantharati, anāgatena patisantharati, niratthakena sa³gah¼āti, paccuppannesu kiccesu byasanaµ dasseti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, in truth you may recognise by four characteristics friends who are vacīparamā, talkers, not true friends but friends in words only.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ဝစီပရမမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြ တုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။
They will speak well of the past; they will speak well of the future, they will speak well of whatever is empty and valueless. For present action, when it comes to deeds, they break.
အတိတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အနာဂတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အက်ိဳးမၿပီးအခ်ည္းႏွီး ေသာစကား ျဖင့္ စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္။ယခုမ်က္ေမွာက္ေရာက္ဆဲျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔၌ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းကုိ ျပတတ္၏။
Sons of householders, it is by these four characteristics that the vacīparamā friends are to be known. There are four marks by which you may know this worthless vacīparamā seeming friend.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္ေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။ ဤဝစီပရမ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ကုိ သိေၾကာင္းေလးပါး၌ အဓိပၸါယ္-
1. When you meet him, he will tell you that you, his friend, are not of common stock – he will tell you what a great family and name you come from - handed down from grandfather and great grandfather he will tell you how rich they were, always exaggerating the past.
၁။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းႏွင့္ေတြ႔လွ်င္ သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္ လူသာမန္မဟုတ္ေပ၊ ေရွးဘုိးေဘး စဥ္ဆက္က မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ အမ်ိဳးအမည္ႀကီးေသာသူ၊မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ဥစၥာပစၥည္းႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာသူတုိ႔ျဖစ္ေပသည္ဟုအတိတ္ကာလႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ ေျမွာက္ပင့္၏။
But you, his friend, have not yet reached that standard; he, your companion, will see that later you will be brought up to the past levels of well-being.
သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္ ယခုလည္းဤကဲ့သုိ႔ေနရမည္မဟုတ္ေသး၊ေရွးသုိ႔ကုိလည္းမည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစားခ်မ္းသာ ပါေလဦးးမည္။
He has set up a store of paddy and rice which he will give to you, his friend; there is a store of all sorts of goods. But that is for the future - he can't give it just now - next month, or next year will be a good opportunity. Please come back then. That is the way he will talk about the future.
အေဆြ႔ကုိေပးမည္ဟု ကၽြန္ဳပ္စပါးဆန္ေရမ်ားကုိ စုရုံးထားပါသည္၊ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိ ထားပါသည္၊ အလာအေရာက္ေနာက္က်၍မေပးနုိင္ခင္ကုန္သြားပါသည္၊ေနာက္လေနာက္ႏွစ္မ်ားတြင္လည္း အခြင့္သင့္လွ်င္ လာခဲ့ပါဦးေတာ့။ ဤသုိ႔စသည္ျဖင့္ အနာဂတ္ႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ ေျမွာက္သည္။
2. He will tell you that you, his friend, are no common man - you are both remarkably strong and learned - your abilities are high - he will exaggerate in this way in words of no weight.
သင္ အေဆြေတာ္လည္း လူသာမန္မဟုတ္၊ အစြမ္းသတၱိ ဥာဏ္ပညာရွိသည္။အရည္အခ်င္း ေကာင္းသည္။ ဤသို႔စသည္ျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးမရွိေသာစကားျဖင့္ စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္၏။
3. When you, as his companion, go back to this bragging "friend" - oh! He's afraid that at the moment he's short himself - he can't spare anything just now. The time is not yet right. He will dodge giving anything with excuses like this.
၃။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းက ထုိေျမွာက္ပင့္သူကုိ ျပန္၍ အေဆြ ယခုစာသုံးရန္မရွိပါက မေပးပါႏွင့္ဆုိ လွ်င္ အခြင့္မသင့္ ေသးပါစသျဖင့္ေျပာဆုိကာ မေပးမကမ္းရေအာင္ ေရွာင္လႊဲတတ္၏။
4. If you go to your "friend" to ask to borrow or to hire a cart, or a boat, or any property, he will make excuses - the cart or the boat or anything else that you ask for have been damaged - it isn't available at this moment - he's afraid that he can't let you have it. This sort of beginning shows the way to losses.
၄။ အေဆြ၌ရွိေသာလွည္း၊ေလွ၊ဥစၥာပစၥည္းမ်ားကုိ ငွားရမ္းပါ၊ေပးပါဟုေတာင္းလွ်င္ သင္ေတာင္းေသာ လွည္း၊ ေလွစေသာဝတၳဳတုိ႔သည္ယခုပ်က္စီး၍ေနပါေသးသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္မငွားရ၊မေပးရေအာင္ေရွာင္လႊဲ ယုိးမယ္ ဖြဲ႕၍ေျပာသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္ ယခုပစၥဳပၸန္၌ အပ်က္အစီးကုိ ျပ၏။
It means that if this kind of sweet talk, on the lips only, has any part in the business; there will be no help to be had, either in property or in words to make things turn out right.
ဤသုိ႔ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာခ်ိဳသာစြာေျပာဆုိ၍ေပါင္းေဖာ္သည္၊မႈခင္းကိစၥမ်ား၌တစ္စုံတစ္ရာေနရာက်ေအာင္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တုိ႔ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ႏႈတ္၏ေစာင္မျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း မျပဳမလုပ္ဆုိလုိသည္။
Out of the four types of false friend, the type that is called anuppiyabhā¼ī (flatterer) does not follow a straightforward course of action but speaks endearingly of friendship and he is to be recognised by this, as the text explains:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္အမႈသေဘာကုိမလုိက္အႀကိဳက္ကုိဆုိတတ္ေသာ’အနဳပိယဘာဏီ’မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Pāpakampissa anujānāti, kalayā¼ampissa anujānāti, sammukhassa va¼¼aµ bhāsati, parammukhassa ava¼¼am bhāsati. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders! The one, who is marked by this out of the four indications as a flatterer, is no true friend and must be recognised as one who only pretends friendship.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးေသာ အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
This sort of friend will do nothing to keep his companion from sin and bad behaviour. He will give no good advice. He will pleasantly find ingratiating excuses for you and say "It's all right - come on, we'll have a game!" Such a one will not make occasions for meritorious actions for his companion - rather he will prevent and discourage them. Such a one in his companion's presence will praise his virtue, but out of sight he will never cease to keep the cards in play.
ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းအားအပါယ္လားေၾကာင္းမေကာင္းေသာအမႈျပဳလုပ္သည္ကုိမျမစ္မေမာင္း၊က်ိဳးေၾကာင္း မေျပာ၊ ဒုိးေရာဇယ္ပါ၊ ငါလည္းျပဳမည္၊ ေကာင္းလွသည္ဟု၊ သာၾကည္နဴးညြတ္၊ ခြင့္လႊတ္တတ္၏။ ထုိမိတ္ေဆြအား ကုသိုလ္ပြါးေၾကာင္း ေကာင္းေသာအမႈကုိလည္း ခြင့္မျပဳျဖစ္၊ ျမစ္တားဟန္႔ဆီး၏။ထုိမိတ္ေဆြ၏ေရွ႕၌ ေက်း ဇူးကုိ ခ်ီးမြမ္းတတ္၏။ မ်က္ကြယ္၌ကား ေက်းဇူးမဲ့ကုိ မေနမနားဖန္မ်ားေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။
Sons of householders! The flatterer is recognised as one by this test out of the four, as no true friend. His friendship is a mere pretence.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိဤေလးပါးကုန္ေသာအေၾကာင္း တုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
The text continues, describing the class of false friends that is called apāyasahāya (spendthrift), association with whom is only good for the destruction of property. They must be recognised thus among the four types of false friends.
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာအေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာအပါယသဟာယမည္ ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္း ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi apāyasahæyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Surāmerayamajjappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahæyo hoti, vikāla visikhā cariyānuyoge sahāyo hoti, samajjābhicara¼e sahæyo hoti, jutappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahāyo hoti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catþhi ¥hānehi amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders! Those that are called spendthrifts are no true friends and must be recognised as false friends by these characteristics.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးေသာ အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
Over and over again in their behaviour they will not give up getting drunk on liquor which is the root of their failure to engage in any activity which is either meritorious or useful, as they join in drinking parties.
ကုသိုလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပါြးေရး၌ေမ့ေလ်ာ့လစ္ဟင္းျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာေသရည္အရက္ယစ္မ်ိဳးကုိေသာက္ သုံးျခင္း ကုိမေလွ်ာ့ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ ေသာက္ေဖာ္ေသာက္ဖက္ျဖစ္၏။
They join in parties indulging in constant movement and going about at irregular times.
အခိ်န္ခါမဲ့ ခရီးလမ္းဆုံ၌သြားလာလွည္႔ပတ္ျခင္းကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။
They join in parties that go about looking for dances and other entertainments.
ကျခင္းစေသာပြဲလမ္းသဘင္ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ျမဴးထူးလုိေသာအားျဖင့္ လွည့္ပတ္သြားလာျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ ျဖစ္၏။
Over and over again they join in dicing parties and in gambling, which keeps them from either meritorious or useful actions.
ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပြါးေရး၌ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာေႂကြအန္ေလာင္းကစားျခင္းကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ယွဥ္ျခင္း၊ လုံ႔လျပဳျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။
Sons of householders, by these four marks you may recognise the spendthrifts who are called apāyasahāya.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးကုန္ေသာဤအ ေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
As the following text advises, members of these four types of false friends are especially to be avoided:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိအထူးသျဖင့္ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္သည္ကုိ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ သည္။
“Aññadatthuharo mitto,
yo ca mitto vacīparamo;
anuppiyañ ca yo āha,
apāyesu ca yo sakhā.
“Ete mitte cattāro,
iti viññāya pa¼ðito;
ārakā parivajjeya,
maggaµ pa¥ibhayaµ yathā” ti.
That is to say: The false friend who is spendthrift; the false friend who is a friend in his words only; the false friend who is a flatterer, pretending love, who gives praise regardless of whether the house is handsome or poor, to cover up what he is doing; the spendthrift who hangs around you to waste your property -- these are all not true friends but false and pretended friends. Teachers who know what is good have shown how to recognise each of them and how to avoid them as a road into danger.
အညဒတၳဳဟရ၊ ဝစီပရမ၊ အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုတုိ႔ကား ခ်စ္ဖြယ္လုိက္၍ သူ႔အႀကိဳက္ ကုိသာလုိက္၍ မေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္း၊ ေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္းႏွင့္ အမႈတိမ္းေအာင္ေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။ ဥစၥာပ်က္စီး ေၾကာင္း၌အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အပါယသဟာယ၊ ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ဤသူတုိ႔ကား အေဆြ ခင္ပြန္းျမတ္မဟုတ္၊ သူယုတ္အစစ္ဟု တစ္တစ္ခြခြသိ၍ အက်ိဳးစီးပါြး၌လိမ္မာသသူပညာရွင္သည္ ေဘးရန္ရွိ ေသာခရီးကဲ့သုိ႔ ေဝးေဝးက ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ရာ၏။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
ပါထိကဝဂၢပါဠိေတာ္၊ ၈။ သိဂၤါလသုတ္၊ ၂၅၄. မိတၱပတိရူပက၊ ႏွာ-၃-၁၅၁
In the world there are four types of pretended friends that are to be avoided as one would a mortal danger and four types of true friends that are to be loved and kept as close as one's own children. People must recognise among these eight types the false friends and avoid them.
ေလာက၌ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သု႔ိေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္၊ရင္မွျဖစ္ေသာသားကဲ့သုိ႔ ခ်စ္ခင္စုံ မက္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းေကာင္းေလးေယာက္၊ ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းရွစ္မ်ိဳး တုိ႔ကုိလည္း လူတုိ႔မည္သည္ေကာင္းစြာသိ၍ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ေဘးရန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ ၏။
The Singāla Sutta will be our guide to these four types, as follows:
ဤရွစ္ေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းတု ခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ သုတ္ပါေထယ် ပါဠိေတာ္ သိဂၤါလသုတ္၌ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
“Cattāro me gahapatiputta amittā mittapatirūpakā veditabbā. Aññadatthu haro amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo, vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako vedi tabbo, anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mitta patirūpako veditabbo, apāyasahāyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, those who show as seeming friendship while not being true
friends are of four kinds, which must be recognised.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အေဆြခင္ပြန္းစစ္မဟုတ္ဘဲလွ်က္ မိတ္ေဆြတုျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ ဤဆုိလတံ့ေသာေလး ေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ သိအပ္ကုန္၏။
There are the ones who come with empty hands to your house, and by means of giving high praise to your dress and ornaments, really seek to get possession of your goods; they must be seen as seeming friends and no true comrades.
အေဆြခင္ပြန္းအိမ္သုိ႔ မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍ အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိ ခ်ီး မြမ္းျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ စင္စစ္သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာ ယူေဆာင္တတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္း ေကာင္း။
There are the ones who excel in talk, but their words come from the mouth only, not from the heart, and they must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades and whose words have no generosity or effect. There are the ones who have no truth in their nature, who may speak affectionately, but must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades.
မုသာစြဲ၍ဝမ္းထဲမပါ ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုႏွင့္ အမႈသေဘာကုိ မစစ္ ခ်စ္ဖြယ္အႀကိဳက္လုိက္၍ ဆုိတတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုလည္းေကာင္း။
There are the ones who are only good for wasting property and must be seen as seeming friends who are no true comrades.
ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။
Among these four types of pretended friends, the one whose interest lies in taking the goods of others is called the aññadatthuhara (rapacious) type and must be seen as one of the four types of false friend.
ဤအေဆြခင္ပြန္းတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာကုိသာရေအာင္ယူတတ္ေသာအညဒတၳဳဟရ မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
The text continues: -
“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
“Aññadatthuharo hoti, appena bahumicchati; bhayassa kiccaµ karoti, sevati atthakāra¼ā.
“Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi aññadatthuharo amitto mitta patirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, the aññadatthuhara must be seen as one of the four types of false friend.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊ စင္စစ္ေသာ္ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။
He comes empty-handed to his friend's house and praises the beauty of his clothes and ornaments, but only hopes to get hold of someone else's property.
အေဆြအိမ္သုိ႔မိမိလက္ခ်ည္းသာလာ၍အဝတ္တန္ဆာစသည္တုိ႔၏ေကာင္းမြန္လွပျခင္းကုိခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ စင္စစ္ သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိသာ ယူေဆာင္တတ္၏။
His own possessions are small and he covets another's greater wealth.
မိမိဥစၥာအနည္းအငယ္ျဖင့္ သူတစ္ပါးဥစၥာအမ်ားကုိ လုိခ်င္တတ္၏။
If danger comes and action is called for, this sort of friend will play a slave's part - he will not act as a friend.
မိမိအားေဘးေရာက္လတ္ေသာ္ ထုိေဆြခင္ပြန္း၏ အမႈႀကီးငယ္ျပဳဖြယ္ကိစၥကုိ ေက်းကၽြန္ကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္၏။ ေမတၱာ စိတ္ျဖင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးသည္မဟုတ္။
He is only looking for his own profit and will not stand firm as a friend should.
မိမိအက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိလုိေသာေၾကာင့္သာလွ်င္ မွီဝဲေပါင္းသင္း၏၊ ေမတၱာခ်စ္စိတ္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔သျဖင့္ ျပဳလုပ္သည္ မဟုတ္။
Sons of householders, it is thus that you may recognise the aññadatthuhara type of pretended friend among the four types.
သူႂကြယ္သားေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏။
Among pretended friends of these four types are others whose generous actions, it seems, lies on their lips only; they are to be recognised as vacīparamā (excelling in words), as the text says:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာေပးခ်င္ကမ္းခ်င္ ျပဳခ်င္မူခ်င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ျပဳတတ္ေသာ ဝစီပရမ မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူ၏။
“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hænehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Atītena pa¥isantharati, anāgatena patisantharati, niratthakena sa³gah¼āti, paccuppannesu kiccesu byasanaµ dasseti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi vacīparamo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders, in truth you may recognise by four characteristics friends who are vacīparamā, talkers, not true friends but friends in words only.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ဝစီပရမမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြ တုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။
They will speak well of the past; they will speak well of the future, they will speak well of whatever is empty and valueless. For present action, when it comes to deeds, they break.
အတိတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အနာဂတ္ျဖင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္၏၊အက်ိဳးမၿပီးအခ်ည္းႏွီး ေသာစကား ျဖင့္ စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္တတ္။ယခုမ်က္ေမွာက္ေရာက္ဆဲျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ အမႈကိစၥတုိ႔၌ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းကုိ ျပတတ္၏။
Sons of householders, it is by these four characteristics that the vacīparamā friends are to be known. There are four marks by which you may know this worthless vacīparamā seeming friend.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္ေလးပါးေသာဤအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္အညဒတၳဳဟရမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္ မဟုတ္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ သိအပ္နိုင္၏။ ဤဝစီပရမ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းယုတ္ကုိ သိေၾကာင္းေလးပါး၌ အဓိပၸါယ္-
1. When you meet him, he will tell you that you, his friend, are not of common stock – he will tell you what a great family and name you come from - handed down from grandfather and great grandfather he will tell you how rich they were, always exaggerating the past.
၁။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းႏွင့္ေတြ႔လွ်င္ သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္ လူသာမန္မဟုတ္ေပ၊ ေရွးဘုိးေဘး စဥ္ဆက္က မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ အမ်ိဳးအမည္ႀကီးေသာသူ၊မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ဥစၥာပစၥည္းႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာသူတုိ႔ျဖစ္ေပသည္ဟုအတိတ္ကာလႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ ေျမွာက္ပင့္၏။
But you, his friend, have not yet reached that standard; he, your companion, will see that later you will be brought up to the past levels of well-being.
သင္အေဆြေတာ္သည္ ယခုလည္းဤကဲ့သုိ႔ေနရမည္မဟုတ္ေသး၊ေရွးသုိ႔ကုိလည္းမည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေကာင္းစားခ်မ္းသာ ပါေလဦးးမည္။
He has set up a store of paddy and rice which he will give to you, his friend; there is a store of all sorts of goods. But that is for the future - he can't give it just now - next month, or next year will be a good opportunity. Please come back then. That is the way he will talk about the future.
အေဆြ႔ကုိေပးမည္ဟု ကၽြန္ဳပ္စပါးဆန္ေရမ်ားကုိ စုရုံးထားပါသည္၊ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိ ထားပါသည္၊ အလာအေရာက္ေနာက္က်၍မေပးနုိင္ခင္ကုန္သြားပါသည္၊ေနာက္လေနာက္ႏွစ္မ်ားတြင္လည္း အခြင့္သင့္လွ်င္ လာခဲ့ပါဦးေတာ့။ ဤသုိ႔စသည္ျဖင့္ အနာဂတ္ႏွင့္စပ္ဟပ္၍ ေျမွာက္သည္။
2. He will tell you that you, his friend, are no common man - you are both remarkably strong and learned - your abilities are high - he will exaggerate in this way in words of no weight.
သင္ အေဆြေတာ္လည္း လူသာမန္မဟုတ္၊ အစြမ္းသတၱိ ဥာဏ္ပညာရွိသည္။အရည္အခ်င္း ေကာင္းသည္။ ဤသို႔စသည္ျဖင့္ အက်ိဳးမရွိေသာစကားျဖင့္ စပ္ဟပ္၍ေျမွာက္၏။
3. When you, as his companion, go back to this bragging "friend" - oh! He's afraid that at the moment he's short himself - he can't spare anything just now. The time is not yet right. He will dodge giving anything with excuses like this.
၃။ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းက ထုိေျမွာက္ပင့္သူကုိ ျပန္၍ အေဆြ ယခုစာသုံးရန္မရွိပါက မေပးပါႏွင့္ဆုိ လွ်င္ အခြင့္မသင့္ ေသးပါစသျဖင့္ေျပာဆုိကာ မေပးမကမ္းရေအာင္ ေရွာင္လႊဲတတ္၏။
4. If you go to your "friend" to ask to borrow or to hire a cart, or a boat, or any property, he will make excuses - the cart or the boat or anything else that you ask for have been damaged - it isn't available at this moment - he's afraid that he can't let you have it. This sort of beginning shows the way to losses.
၄။ အေဆြ၌ရွိေသာလွည္း၊ေလွ၊ဥစၥာပစၥည္းမ်ားကုိ ငွားရမ္းပါ၊ေပးပါဟုေတာင္းလွ်င္ သင္ေတာင္းေသာ လွည္း၊ ေလွစေသာဝတၳဳတုိ႔သည္ယခုပ်က္စီး၍ေနပါေသးသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္မငွားရ၊မေပးရေအာင္ေရွာင္လႊဲ ယုိးမယ္ ဖြဲ႕၍ေျပာသည္။ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသျဖင့္ ယခုပစၥဳပၸန္၌ အပ်က္အစီးကုိ ျပ၏။
It means that if this kind of sweet talk, on the lips only, has any part in the business; there will be no help to be had, either in property or in words to make things turn out right.
ဤသုိ႔ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္သာခ်ိဳသာစြာေျပာဆုိ၍ေပါင္းေဖာ္သည္၊မႈခင္းကိစၥမ်ား၌တစ္စုံတစ္ရာေနရာက်ေအာင္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တုိ႔ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ႏႈတ္၏ေစာင္မျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း မျပဳမလုပ္ဆုိလုိသည္။
Out of the four types of false friend, the type that is called anuppiyabhā¼ī (flatterer) does not follow a straightforward course of action but speaks endearingly of friendship and he is to be recognised by this, as the text explains:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္အမႈသေဘာကုိမလုိက္အႀကိဳက္ကုိဆုိတတ္ေသာ’အနဳပိယဘာဏီ’မည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
“Catūhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Pāpakampissa anujānāti, kalayā¼ampissa anujānāti, sammukhassa va¼¼aµ bhāsati, parammukhassa ava¼¼am bhāsati. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catūhi ¥hānehi anuppiyabhā¼ī amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders! The one, who is marked by this out of the four indications as a flatterer, is no true friend and must be recognised as one who only pretends friendship.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးေသာ အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
This sort of friend will do nothing to keep his companion from sin and bad behaviour. He will give no good advice. He will pleasantly find ingratiating excuses for you and say "It's all right - come on, we'll have a game!" Such a one will not make occasions for meritorious actions for his companion - rather he will prevent and discourage them. Such a one in his companion's presence will praise his virtue, but out of sight he will never cease to keep the cards in play.
ထုိအေဆြခင္ပြန္းအားအပါယ္လားေၾကာင္းမေကာင္းေသာအမႈျပဳလုပ္သည္ကုိမျမစ္မေမာင္း၊က်ိဳးေၾကာင္း မေျပာ၊ ဒုိးေရာဇယ္ပါ၊ ငါလည္းျပဳမည္၊ ေကာင္းလွသည္ဟု၊ သာၾကည္နဴးညြတ္၊ ခြင့္လႊတ္တတ္၏။ ထုိမိတ္ေဆြအား ကုသိုလ္ပြါးေၾကာင္း ေကာင္းေသာအမႈကုိလည္း ခြင့္မျပဳျဖစ္၊ ျမစ္တားဟန္႔ဆီး၏။ထုိမိတ္ေဆြ၏ေရွ႕၌ ေက်း ဇူးကုိ ခ်ီးမြမ္းတတ္၏။ မ်က္ကြယ္၌ကား ေက်းဇူးမဲ့ကုိ မေနမနားဖန္မ်ားေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။
Sons of householders! The flatterer is recognised as one by this test out of the four, as no true friend. His friendship is a mere pretence.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိဤေလးပါးကုန္ေသာအေၾကာင္း တုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
The text continues, describing the class of false friends that is called apāyasahāya (spendthrift), association with whom is only good for the destruction of property. They must be recognised thus among the four types of false friends.
ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔တြင္ဥစၥာပ်က္စီးေၾကာင္း၌သာအေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာအပါယသဟာယမည္ ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုကုိလည္း ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏ဟု ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
“Catþhi kho gahapatiputta ¥hānehi apāyasahæyo amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo. Surāmerayamajjappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahæyo hoti, vikāla visikhā cariyānuyoge sahāyo hoti, samajjābhicara¼e sahæyo hoti, jutappamæda¥¥hānānuyoge sahāyo hoti. Imehi kho gahapatiputta catþhi ¥hānehi amitto mittapatirūpako veditabbo.
That is to say: Sons of householders! Those that are called spendthrifts are no true friends and must be recognised as false friends by these characteristics.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊စင္စစ္ေသာ္အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးေသာ အေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
Over and over again in their behaviour they will not give up getting drunk on liquor which is the root of their failure to engage in any activity which is either meritorious or useful, as they join in drinking parties.
ကုသိုလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပါြးေရး၌ေမ့ေလ်ာ့လစ္ဟင္းျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာေသရည္အရက္ယစ္မ်ိဳးကုိေသာက္ သုံးျခင္း ကုိမေလွ်ာ့ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ ေသာက္ေဖာ္ေသာက္ဖက္ျဖစ္၏။
They join in parties indulging in constant movement and going about at irregular times.
အခိ်န္ခါမဲ့ ခရီးလမ္းဆုံ၌သြားလာလွည္႔ပတ္ျခင္းကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။
They join in parties that go about looking for dances and other entertainments.
ကျခင္းစေသာပြဲလမ္းသဘင္ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ျမဴးထူးလုိေသာအားျဖင့္ လွည့္ပတ္သြားလာျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ ျဖစ္၏။
Over and over again they join in dicing parties and in gambling, which keeps them from either meritorious or useful actions.
ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈ၊စီးပြါးေရး၌ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္း၏အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေသာေႂကြအန္ေလာင္းကစားျခင္းကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ယွဥ္ျခင္း၊ လုံ႔လျပဳျခင္း၌ အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္၏။
Sons of householders, by these four marks you may recognise the spendthrifts who are called apāyasahāya.
သူႂကြယ္သား၊အပါယသဟာယမည္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြစစ္မဟုတ္ေသာမိတ္ေဆြတုကုိေလးပါးကုန္ေသာဤအ ေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိအပ္၏။
As the following text advises, members of these four types of false friends are especially to be avoided:
ဤမိတ္ေဆြယုတ္ေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိအထူးသျဖင့္ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္အပ္သည္ကုိ၎ပါဠိေတာ္၌ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူ သည္။
“Aññadatthuharo mitto,
yo ca mitto vacīparamo;
anuppiyañ ca yo āha,
apāyesu ca yo sakhā.
“Ete mitte cattāro,
iti viññāya pa¼ðito;
ārakā parivajjeya,
maggaµ pa¥ibhayaµ yathā” ti.
That is to say: The false friend who is spendthrift; the false friend who is a friend in his words only; the false friend who is a flatterer, pretending love, who gives praise regardless of whether the house is handsome or poor, to cover up what he is doing; the spendthrift who hangs around you to waste your property -- these are all not true friends but false and pretended friends. Teachers who know what is good have shown how to recognise each of them and how to avoid them as a road into danger.
အညဒတၳဳဟရ၊ ဝစီပရမ၊ အနဳပၸိယဘာဏီမည္ေသာ မိတ္ေဆြတုတုိ႔ကား ခ်စ္ဖြယ္လုိက္၍ သူ႔အႀကိဳက္ ကုိသာလုိက္၍ မေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္း၊ ေကာင္းလည္းအိမ္းႏွင့္ အမႈတိမ္းေအာင္ေျပာဆုိတတ္၏။ ဥစၥာပ်က္စီး ေၾကာင္း၌အေပါင္းအေဖာ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အပါယသဟာယ၊ ဤမိတ္ေဆြတုေလးေယာက္တုိ႔ကုိ ဤသူတုိ႔ကား အေဆြ ခင္ပြန္းျမတ္မဟုတ္၊ သူယုတ္အစစ္ဟု တစ္တစ္ခြခြသိ၍ အက်ိဳးစီးပါြး၌လိမ္မာသသူပညာရွင္သည္ ေဘးရန္ရွိ ေသာခရီးကဲ့သုိ႔ ေဝးေဝးက ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ရာ၏။
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ပါထိကဝဂၢပါဠိေတာ္၊ ၈။ သိဂၤါလသုတ္၊ ၂၅၄. မိတၱပတိရူပက၊ ႏွာ-၃-၁၅၁
