3. The advantages of consensus in a meeting
These two rules of sannipāta and samagga, (An.ii-407/ D.ii-62) consensus and harmony, do not apply only to kings and their officials; merchants and agriculturists also get much benefit from following them.
Therefore in parts of ancient Majjhimadesh , (i.e. India) like-minded merchants would get together, forming groups of five hundred or a thousand merchants, to carry on their business. In this way they benefitted greatly.
To this day merchants in Majjhimadesh form associations for their businesses and we can see for ourselves today how the Indian and Chinese people make large profits by following this example.
ဤသႏၷိပါတ သမဂၢ ႏွစ္ပါးတု႔ိသည္ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔၌သာမဟုတ္၊ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔၌ လည္း မ်ားစြာအက်ိဳးရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးအခါမစၨ်ိမေဒသအရပ္မ်ားတြင္ သေဘာတူရာ ကုန္သည္ခ်င္း စုရုံး၍လည္း ကုန္သည္ငါးရာစု၊တစ္ေထာင္စု ျပဳလုပ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း၀ယ္ၾကကာ အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးမ်ားစြာ ျဖစ္ထြန္းၾကသည္။
ဤအတုကုိယူ၍ျပဳလုပ္ၾကေသာ ကုလား၊တရုတ္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ယခုအခါ စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာ မ်ားစြာတုိးတက္သည္ကုိ မ်က္ျမင္ကုိယ္ေတြ႔ပင္ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
Thus when a king and his officials, who have agreed among themselves in council, have decided upon an action and have provided for its cost, they will define the nature of the action and the planned course of events, since a bias might be introduced by bribes or presents and by the status of people involved in the action,.
If the decisions are set out in an instruction, the action will be carried through in accordance with the instruction and there will be no room for influence through bribery. In truth this is the only way to profit.
For this reason it was necessary to set out the aparihāniya rule that is known as paññatti pa¥ipajjana [description of procedures].( An.ii-407/D.ii-62)
ဤသုိ႔အစည္းအေ၀းညီညြတ္ၾကၿပီးေသာ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ အမႈႏွင့္လက္ငင္းေတြ႔မွ အမႈကုိစီရင္လွ်င္ အမႈျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ေပးေသာ တံစုိးလက္ေဆာင္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္ငဲ့ ကြက္ရန္ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ အမႈျဖစ္လွ်င္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔စီရင္မည္၊ စီရင္ပုံဥပေဒ ပညတ္ထုတ္ျပန္၍ အမႈျဖစ္လာပါက ထုတ္ျပန္ထားေသာဥပေဒအတုိင္း စီရင္လွ်င္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္ တံစုိး လက္ေဆာင္ကုိငဲ့ကြက္ရန္မရွိ၊ အမွန္အကန္ျဖစ္၍ တုိးပြါးရန္သာ ရွိသည္။ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ´ပညတၱိပဋိပဇၨန´ ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယ တရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
The wisdom appropriate to a king's minister of the highest rank is acquired by such ministers by dint of making their own decisions over many years and by their experience of what turned out well and what badly.
If the wisdom of such senior men is valued and if they are given a prominent place and their advice is listened to, there will be no decline.
The aparihāniya rule that is called vuddhāpacāyana [trusting in the ancient] (Paramttha Ti -233) had to be pronounced because only this can lead to increased prosperity.
အ႒ာရသစေသာ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔တတ္ရာေသာ အတတ္ပညာမ်ားကုိတတ္ေျမာက္၍ မင္းမွဴးမတ္အျဖစ္ႏွင့္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ မႈခင္းကိစၥမ်ားကုိ ကုိယ္တုိင္ဆုံးျဖတ္စီရင္လွ်က္ အမွားအမွန္ အေကာင္းအဆုိးတုိ႔ကုိ ေတြ႔ႀကဳံဘူးၾကေသာ ပညာရွိလူႀကီး လူေကာင္း တုိ႔ကုိ ရုိေသခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၿပီး ထုိပညာရွိတုိ႔ ဆုိဆုံးမေသာစကားကုိ နားေထာင္ရလွ်င္ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊ တုိးပြါးရန္ သာ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္´၀ုဒၶါပစာယန´မည္ေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
Since doing violence to people’s wives and virgin daughters, their abduction and having them dragged away, causes much resentment in the people of the land, the rule that this must never be done must not be broken and so it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule against so using women.
အျခားသူတုိ႔၏ ဇနီးမယား သမီးပ်ိဳမ်ားကုိ နုိင္ထက္စီးကဲ အတင္းေခၚငယ္ေစခုိင္းျခင္း သည္ ျပည္သူတုိ႔ အလြန္နာၾကည္းရန္ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းသည္ လည္း ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ မိန္းမတုိ႔ကုိ အဓမၼ မေစခုိင္းရ ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
Whatever may be the spirits that protect the city, they only desire the prosperity of its king and officials and they rely upon the offerings of Gods food that these kings and officials make to sustain their life.
Along with the king and officials, such spirits protect the country’s welfare in whatever business is being carried on, and they are dealt with according to the customary laws in the same way as the military are provided for under pūrisamedha ( S.1 -73 ) principles.
The provision of the customary food offerings for the spirits must not be allowed to be neglected. That it might be properly provided, it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule called dhammatābali [prescribed offerings].( An Tha-2 -312)
ၿမိဳ႕ရြာကုိေစာင့္ေသာနတ္တုိ႔မည္သည္ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးကုိလုိသည္သာလွ်င္ျဖစ္ သည္။ဤမင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ တင္ၾကား ပသေသာဗလိနတ္စာကုိ အမွီျပဳ၍အသက္ေမြးရ သည္။ထုိနတ္တုိ႔သည္လည္း အေရးေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိသမွ်ကုိ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ အတူ တုိင္းက်ိဳးျပည္က်ိဳးကုိ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿမဲနတ္တုိ႔၏ထုံးစံဥပေဒရွိသည့္အတုိင္း တုိင္းက်ိဳး ျပည္က်ိဳးကုိ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္ျဖစ္၍ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔အားလည္း ဗုိလ္ပါရဲမက္တုိ႔ကုိ မ်ိဳးရိကၡာ ေပးေသာ ပုရိသေမဓကဲ့သုိ႔ ေပးၿမဲဗလိနတ္စာကုိ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔အား တင္းၾကား ပသလွ်င္ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔ ကူညီေစာင္မေသာေၾကာင့္ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊တုိးပြါးရန္ သာ ရွိသည္ကုိေထာက္၍ ´ဓမၼိကဗလိ´ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူ ရျပန္သည္။
Religious people, from arahantas downward, may settle themselves when they are provided for. Such religious who settle will increase the country’s welfare both in this world and in the next by their preachings. This must never diminish and therefore it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule that is called arahanta rakkhā varanagutti . [Settlement and protection of monks]( An Tha, 2-78)
ရဟႏၱာမွစ၍ ရဟန္းတုိ႔မည္သည္ လူတုိ႔ၾကည့္ရႈေစာင္မမွ ရပ္တည္နုိင္သည္။ ထုိရဟန္းတုိ႔ ရပ္တည္နုိင္လွ်င္ ထုိရဟန္းတုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာေသာတရားကုိ နာရသျဖင့္ ေလာကီေလာကုတၱရာအက်ိဳး တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိသည္။ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ´အရႏၱရကၡာ၀ရဏဂုတၱိ´ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူရျပန္သည္။
If then the meaning of the benefits of the seven aparihāniya rules are fully realised and the rules are followed, benefits both in the present and in the future worlds will be increased and will never fail.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇)ပါးတုိ႔၏ အက်ိဳးအေၾကာင္းအနက္အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိ ကုန္စင္ေအာင္သိ၍ က်င့္ေဆာင္ၾကလွ်င္ ေလာကီ ေလာကုတ္ ႏွစ္ျဖာေသာအက်ိဳး တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိသည္၊ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
ပရမတၳဒီပနီသဂၤဟ မဟာဋီကာပါဌ ႏွာ-၂၃၃
အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ ဒု.တိ.စ အ႒ကထာ ႏွာ-၂-၃၁၂
အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ အ႒ကထာ၊ ၂.ရထကာရ၀ဂၢ၊၄.စကၠ၀တၱိသုတ္ ႏွာ၂-၇၈
Therefore in parts of ancient Majjhimadesh , (i.e. India) like-minded merchants would get together, forming groups of five hundred or a thousand merchants, to carry on their business. In this way they benefitted greatly.
To this day merchants in Majjhimadesh form associations for their businesses and we can see for ourselves today how the Indian and Chinese people make large profits by following this example.
ဤသႏၷိပါတ သမဂၢ ႏွစ္ပါးတု႔ိသည္ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔၌သာမဟုတ္၊ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔၌ လည္း မ်ားစြာအက်ိဳးရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးအခါမစၨ်ိမေဒသအရပ္မ်ားတြင္ သေဘာတူရာ ကုန္သည္ခ်င္း စုရုံး၍လည္း ကုန္သည္ငါးရာစု၊တစ္ေထာင္စု ျပဳလုပ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း၀ယ္ၾကကာ အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးမ်ားစြာ ျဖစ္ထြန္းၾကသည္။
ဤအတုကုိယူ၍ျပဳလုပ္ၾကေသာ ကုလား၊တရုတ္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ယခုအခါ စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာ မ်ားစြာတုိးတက္သည္ကုိ မ်က္ျမင္ကုိယ္ေတြ႔ပင္ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
Thus when a king and his officials, who have agreed among themselves in council, have decided upon an action and have provided for its cost, they will define the nature of the action and the planned course of events, since a bias might be introduced by bribes or presents and by the status of people involved in the action,.
If the decisions are set out in an instruction, the action will be carried through in accordance with the instruction and there will be no room for influence through bribery. In truth this is the only way to profit.
For this reason it was necessary to set out the aparihāniya rule that is known as paññatti pa¥ipajjana [description of procedures].( An.ii-407/D.ii-62)
ဤသုိ႔အစည္းအေ၀းညီညြတ္ၾကၿပီးေသာ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ အမႈႏွင့္လက္ငင္းေတြ႔မွ အမႈကုိစီရင္လွ်င္ အမႈျဖစ္သူတုိ႔က ေပးေသာ တံစုိးလက္ေဆာင္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္ငဲ့ ကြက္ရန္ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ အမႈျဖစ္လွ်င္ မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔စီရင္မည္၊ စီရင္ပုံဥပေဒ ပညတ္ထုတ္ျပန္၍ အမႈျဖစ္လာပါက ထုတ္ျပန္ထားေသာဥပေဒအတုိင္း စီရင္လွ်င္ မ်က္ႏွာႀကီးငယ္ တံစုိး လက္ေဆာင္ကုိငဲ့ကြက္ရန္မရွိ၊ အမွန္အကန္ျဖစ္၍ တုိးပြါးရန္သာ ရွိသည္။ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ´ပညတၱိပဋိပဇၨန´ ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယ တရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
The wisdom appropriate to a king's minister of the highest rank is acquired by such ministers by dint of making their own decisions over many years and by their experience of what turned out well and what badly.
If the wisdom of such senior men is valued and if they are given a prominent place and their advice is listened to, there will be no decline.
The aparihāniya rule that is called vuddhāpacāyana [trusting in the ancient] (Paramttha Ti -233) had to be pronounced because only this can lead to increased prosperity.
အ႒ာရသစေသာ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔တတ္ရာေသာ အတတ္ပညာမ်ားကုိတတ္ေျမာက္၍ မင္းမွဴးမတ္အျဖစ္ႏွင့္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ မႈခင္းကိစၥမ်ားကုိ ကုိယ္တုိင္ဆုံးျဖတ္စီရင္လွ်က္ အမွားအမွန္ အေကာင္းအဆုိးတုိ႔ကုိ ေတြ႔ႀကဳံဘူးၾကေသာ ပညာရွိလူႀကီး လူေကာင္း တုိ႔ကုိ ရုိေသခ်ီးေျမွာက္ၿပီး ထုိပညာရွိတုိ႔ ဆုိဆုံးမေသာစကားကုိ နားေထာင္ရလွ်င္ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊ တုိးပြါးရန္ သာ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္´၀ုဒၶါပစာယန´မည္ေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
Since doing violence to people’s wives and virgin daughters, their abduction and having them dragged away, causes much resentment in the people of the land, the rule that this must never be done must not be broken and so it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule against so using women.
အျခားသူတုိ႔၏ ဇနီးမယား သမီးပ်ိဳမ်ားကုိ နုိင္ထက္စီးကဲ အတင္းေခၚငယ္ေစခုိင္းျခင္း သည္ ျပည္သူတုိ႔ အလြန္နာၾကည္းရန္ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းသည္ လည္း ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ မိန္းမတုိ႔ကုိ အဓမၼ မေစခုိင္းရ ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာရျပန္သည္။
Whatever may be the spirits that protect the city, they only desire the prosperity of its king and officials and they rely upon the offerings of Gods food that these kings and officials make to sustain their life.
Along with the king and officials, such spirits protect the country’s welfare in whatever business is being carried on, and they are dealt with according to the customary laws in the same way as the military are provided for under pūrisamedha ( S.1 -73 ) principles.
The provision of the customary food offerings for the spirits must not be allowed to be neglected. That it might be properly provided, it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule called dhammatābali [prescribed offerings].( An Tha-2 -312)
ၿမိဳ႕ရြာကုိေစာင့္ေသာနတ္တုိ႔မည္သည္ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးကုိလုိသည္သာလွ်င္ျဖစ္ သည္။ဤမင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ တင္ၾကား ပသေသာဗလိနတ္စာကုိ အမွီျပဳ၍အသက္ေမြးရ သည္။ထုိနတ္တုိ႔သည္လည္း အေရးေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိသမွ်ကုိ မင္းမွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ အတူ တုိင္းက်ိဳးျပည္က်ိဳးကုိ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿမဲနတ္တုိ႔၏ထုံးစံဥပေဒရွိသည့္အတုိင္း တုိင္းက်ိဳး ျပည္က်ိဳးကုိ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္ျဖစ္၍ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔အားလည္း ဗုိလ္ပါရဲမက္တုိ႔ကုိ မ်ိဳးရိကၡာ ေပးေသာ ပုရိသေမဓကဲ့သုိ႔ ေပးၿမဲဗလိနတ္စာကုိ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔အား တင္းၾကား ပသလွ်င္ ထုိနတ္တုိ႔ ကူညီေစာင္မေသာေၾကာင့္ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ၊တုိးပြါးရန္ သာ ရွိသည္ကုိေထာက္၍ ´ဓမၼိကဗလိ´ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူ ရျပန္သည္။
Religious people, from arahantas downward, may settle themselves when they are provided for. Such religious who settle will increase the country’s welfare both in this world and in the next by their preachings. This must never diminish and therefore it was necessary to repeat the aparihāniya rule that is called arahanta rakkhā varanagutti . [Settlement and protection of monks]( An Tha, 2-78)
ရဟႏၱာမွစ၍ ရဟန္းတုိ႔မည္သည္ လူတုိ႔ၾကည့္ရႈေစာင္မမွ ရပ္တည္နုိင္သည္။ ထုိရဟန္းတုိ႔ ရပ္တည္နုိင္လွ်င္ ထုိရဟန္းတုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာေသာတရားကုိ နာရသျဖင့္ ေလာကီေလာကုတၱရာအက်ိဳး တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိသည္။ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ´အရႏၱရကၡာ၀ရဏဂုတၱိ´ဟူေသာ အပရိဟာနိယတရားကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူရျပန္သည္။
If then the meaning of the benefits of the seven aparihāniya rules are fully realised and the rules are followed, benefits both in the present and in the future worlds will be increased and will never fail.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ အပရိဟာနိယတရား (၇)ပါးတုိ႔၏ အက်ိဳးအေၾကာင္းအနက္အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိ ကုန္စင္ေအာင္သိ၍ က်င့္ေဆာင္ၾကလွ်င္ ေလာကီ ေလာကုတ္ ႏွစ္ျဖာေသာအက်ိဳး တုိးပြါးရန္သာရွိသည္၊ ဆုတ္ယုတ္ရန္မရွိ။
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