၅။ ခံၿမိဳ႕
In former times fortresses were built with vertical walls, foursquare, protected with three lines of earthworks, water-filled, mud-filled, and dry with thorn barriers.
ခံျမိဳ႕ဟူသည္ ေရွးအခါ၌ ေရက်ဳံး၊ ႏြံက်ဳံး၊ ဆူးေျငာင့္ခလုတ္ခ်ေသာအေျခာက္က်ဳံးဟု ဤသုိ႔ က်ဳံးသုံးတန္ တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ကာရံ၍ ေလးေထာင့္အ၀ုိင္းပုံသဏၭာန္ျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးမတ္ရပ္ႏွင့္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကသည္။
At present, however, in our age of decline, since the power of musketry has so greatly increased, fortifications can no longer stand up to the weaponry that exists among western nations.
ယခုအခါဆုတ္ကပ္ကာလျဖစ္၍ လက္နက္တုိ႔သည္အလြန္ႀကီးမားတုိးပြါးၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးေခတ္ခံၿမိဳ႕ တုိ႔သည္ ယခုအခါသုိးေဆာင္းနုိ္င္ငံ၌ျဖစ္ေသာ လက္နက္တုိ႔ကုိမခံနုိင္။
In modern times, long, pointed bullets are fired from the hollow barrels of breech-loading rifles and artillery to destroy forts and warships.
These may be iron missiles of two of three hundred viss (hundred ticals) weight which, after striking the city's bulwarks, will explode.
The city wall will be destroyed and splinters will do damage four or five hundred distance away - even two miles. On striking the wall, they can penetrate ten or fifteen cubits before they explode.
ယခုအခါခံၿမိဳ႕ တုိက္သေဘၤာမ်ားကုိပ်က္စီးေအာင္ပစ္ေသာ ေနာက္တုိးရုိက္ဖတ္ အေျမာက္တုိ႔သည္ က်ည္ အရွည္ ထိပ္ခၽြန္၊အတြင္းကအေခါင္းႏွင့္ျဖစ္၍ ျမန္မာခ်ိန္ပိႆာႏွစ္ရာခန္႔သုံးရာခန္႔ႀကီးမားေသာ သံက်ည္ေစ့ ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ကတုတ္ကုိမွန္ၿပီးေနာက္ ထုိက်ည္ေစ့ကြဲေပါက္ျပန္၍ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးကတုတ္တုိ႔သည္ ပ်က္စီးျပန္သျဖင့္ တာေလးရာငါးရာကြာေသာအရပ္၌ ထုႏွစ္မုိင္ရွိေသာသံတုံးမ်ားကုိ ထုိက်ည္ေစ့တုိ႔သည္ ေဖာက္ထြင္းနုိင္၏။ ၿမိဳ႕ ကတုတ္တုိ႔ကုိမွန္လွ်င္လည္း ဆယ္ေတာင္ဆယ့္ငါးေတာင္စူး၀င္၍ ေပါက္ကြဲနုိင္၏။
For this reason any new fortifications built in western countries have star shaped outworks, protected with steel armour. It is only so that they are of any use, since they can stand the attack.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔အေျမာက္ဆန္မ်ားကုိ ရပ္ခံနုိင္ေအာင္ ယခု ေနာက္အသစ္သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ တုိးပြါး ျဖစ္ထြန္းေသာ ေမွာ္ပြင့္၊ၾကာပြင့္သဏၭာန္လုပ္ေသာ သူရဲခုိတုိ႔၌ သံမဏိျပား၊ သဲတုိ႔ကုိ အထပ္ထပ္ ကာရံထားေသာ ခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔သာအက်ိဳးရွိသည္၊ ခံနုိင္သည္။
It is pointless to place such fortifications as these in the middle of the country, near where the king is.
ဤခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔ဟူသည္လည္း နုိင္ငံအလယ္မင္းေနျပည္အနီးမွာ ထားလွ်င္ အက်ိဳးမရွိ။
When an enemy invades, once he has got so far as the fortress he can, without ever attacking the defenses, ravage the rest of the country as he pleases.
ဤခံၿမိဳ႕တုိင္ေအာင္ ရန္သူေရာက္ကာလ ခံၿမိဳ႕ကုိမတုိက္ဘဲ ေရာက္ၿပီးရၿပီးေသာနုိင္ငံကုိပင္ ရန္သူတုိ႔ယူ ထားလွ်င္ က်န္ေသာနုိင္ငံသည္အလုိလုိပ်က္စီးရန္သာရွိသည္။
For this reason, such fortifications should be sited either in the borderlands where there is a good access for an attack, or in a territory where it will dominate and threaten another state.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံစြန္ နုိင္ငံစပ္ ေကာင္းမြန္သည့္လမ္္းေပါက္လမ္း၀တုိ႔၌လည္းေကာင္း၊ အျခားနုိင္ငံကုိ တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူဖိစီးႏွိပ္နင္းအုပ္စုိးထားေသာနုိင္ငံ၌လည္းေကာင္းခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔ကုိသင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေအာင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ ထားရသည္။
In such an operation on another people who do not submit willingly, if there is no fortress to house the officials and soldiers needed to control the country, the people of the land unwillingly under your domination may rise and rebel and the country that you have taken will immediately be lost to you.
အျခားလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔နုိင္ငံကုိ အလုိမတူဘဲ ဖိစီးႏွိပ္စက္သိမ္းယူထားရာ၌ ထုိရေသာနုိင္ငံကုိ အေစာင့္အထိမ္း အႀကီးအအုပ္ထားေသာမွဴးမတ္၊ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ရပ္တည္ေနရန္ခံၿမိဳ႕မရွိလွ်င္၊အလုိမတူဘဲ တုိက္ခုိက္ သိမ္းယူထားေသာ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ ထ၍ပုန္ကန္လွ်င္ သိမ္းယူၿပီးနုိင္ငံ ခ်က္ခ်င္းလက္ကလြတ္လိမ့္မည္။
If there is a fortress sufficient to stop them, you can hold them from inside the fortifications and, if it is possible, make your counterattack to regain your position.
ရပ္တန္႔ရန္ခံၿမိဳ႕ရွိလွ်င္ခံၿမိဳ႕အတြင္းကရပ္ခံ၍ျပန္လွန္တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူနုိင္လွ်င္ျပန္လွန္တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူရမည္။
If, however, the rebel force is greater than yours, you can hold out inside the fortifications long enough for a report to be sent to the king and for him to send a relief force of soldiers and officers sufficient to subdue the rebellion.
ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္အားနည္း၍ ထႂကြပုန္ကန္သူတုိ႔အားႀကီးလွ်င္ ခံၿမိဳ႕တြင္းကရပ္ခံ၍ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းထံ စာ၊လူ ေစလႊတ္ေလွ်ာက္ထား၊ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းကလည္း ႏွိမ္နင္းနုိင္ေအာင္ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္၊ ဗိုလ္မွဴး၊ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ တင္ပုိ႔ကူညီတုိက္ခုိက္ ႏွိမ္နင္းသိမ္းယူရသည္။
The English have been well aware of all this and in the Indian territories that they have attacked and taken - Bangladesh, Bombay(Mumbai) and Madras (Chinai) - they have built various fortifications.
ဤအေၾကာင္းမ်ားကုိသိေသာအဂၤလိပ္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္မိမိတုိ႔တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူ၍ရေသာအိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံ၊ဘဂၤလား၊ ဘုံေဘ၊မဒရပ္ အရပ္မ်ားမွာ ခံၿမိဳ႕အသီးသီးလုပ္ထားၾကသည္။
At three entry points of the Talaing territory that they have conquered and taken from the Burmese kingdom, they have built fortifications - at the Shwe Dagon Pagoda to the west of the Irrawaddy - in the Thanlyin district at the mouth of the river - and at the Thilawā beacon.
ျမန္မာ့လက္က တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူေသာ တလုိင္းသုံးရပ္၏အ၀င္ ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္အေနာက္ဘက္၊ေရႊတိဂုံဘုရား ပင္လယ္၀အထြက္ သံလ်င္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ မီးျပသီလ၀ါအရပ္မွာ ခံၿမိဳ႕ကတုတ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ထားၾကသည္။
In the year 1857 the whole of the land of India at once rose in rebellion against the English. They were able to retreat inside the fortifications that they had built while they reported to the home government and eighty thousand out of the three hundred thousand European soldiers that were enlisted were immediately dispatched; their position was recovered in less than two years.
၁၈၅၇ ခုႏွစ္၊အိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံအလုံး တစ္ၿပိဳင္နက္ထ၍ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ပုန္ကန္ျခားနားၾကရာ၊ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ တည္ေဆာက္ၿပီးခံၿမိဳ႕အတြင္းသုိ႔ ၀င္ေရာက္ရပ္တန္႔ၿပီးလွ်င္၊ ဘုရင္မထံေလွ်ာက္ထား၍ ေဂၚရာကုလားျဖဴ စည္းၾကပ္ၿပီးလူသုံးသိန္းရွိသည့္အနက္၊လူရွစ္ေသာင္းကုိအလွ်င္အျမန္ေစလႊတ္၊တစ္ႏွစ္ေက်ာ္၊ႏွစ္ႏွစ္တုိက္ခုိက္ သိမ္းယူရသည္။
In truth, if they had not had their fortifications, all the English in India would have been destroyed.
အကယ္၍ခံၿမိဳ႕မရွိလွ်င္ ထုိအခါကပင္ အိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံရွိ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ အကုန္ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးလိမ့္မည္။
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