ရဟန်းတော် (မော်ဒန်တောရ)

Mar 27, 2010

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4/5. The fortification အဆက္-၁

The Anguttaranikāya and other Pā¹i texts of the Seventh Nipata describe the seven "city limbs" and the four "provisioning" that there should be in this fortification, as follows:

ဤခံၿမိဳ႕၌ ၿမိဳ႕၏အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါး၊ၿမိဳ႕၏အစာေလးပါးရွိသည္ကုိ အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ၊ သတၱကနိပါတ္အစရွိေသာ ပါဠိေတာ္တုိ႔၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူထားသည္။

“Yato kho, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ sattahi nagara parikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti, catunnañca āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī. Idaµ vuccati, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ akara¼iyaµ bāhirehi paccatthikehi paccamittehi.
Monks, border fortifications owned by kings and rulers of countries must be well fenced by the seven "limbs" of cities and they must not be in want of the four sorts of provisions that they require.

They cannot be left in want or in distress. Monks, why is it that we say that a fortification set near the border of a king's territory cannot be successfully attacked and destroyed by an outside enemy moving against it, if it is furnished with the seven protecting "limbs" and what are they?

ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၊ ၿမိဳ႕၏အစာအာဟာရေလးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကိုလည္း အလုိရွိတုိင္း မေတာင္းမတ,မၿငိဳမျငင္, မပင္မပန္းရနုိင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ျပင္ပ,ဆန္႔ က်င္ဘက္, ရန္သူတုိ႔သည္ တုိက္ခုိက္ျခင္းမျပဳနုိင္။
အဘယ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ကုန္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္သနည္း ဟူမူ။

“Katamehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare esikā hoti gambhīranemā sunikhātā acalā asmpavedhø. Iminā pa¥hamena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, in a fortification at the border of the king's territory there must be a good well, deep dug; there must be a strong wooden breastwork around the bank over the moat, too strong to be shaken or moved; to provide a safe refuge for the people manning the fortress at his boundary and for those living in the area, the king must first provide an adequate stockade.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ နက္စြာေသာတြင္း၌ ေကာင္းစြာ စုိက္ျမွဳပ္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ၊မေရြ႕မေစာင္းကုန္ေသာ၊မလႈပ္မရွားကုန္ေသာ၊က်ဳံးထိပ္ကုိရံ၍စုိက္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ သစ္တပ္တုိ႔ရွိကုန္၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တား ျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤပထမအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare parikhā hoti gambhīrā ceva vitthatā ca. Iminā dutiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, the next point - in a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory there will be a moat, dug both deep and wide. This will provide a place of refuge both for those manning the fortress and for those living outside and will hold back an enemy besieging it outside. This will be the second provision required for a fortress sited at the border of the king's territory. With this barrier the fortress will be well defended.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ အေစာက္ လည္းနက္၊အနံလည္းက်ယ္ျပန္႔ေသာက်ဳံးရွိ၏။ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူ တုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤဒုတိယ အဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare anupariyāyapatho hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca. Iminā tatiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - for our fortress at the boundary of the king's territory there will be a sheltered walkway made both high and wide. This is the third requirement, to protect those who are manning the fortress at the boundary of the king's territories, for the fortress to be well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ျမင့္လည္း ျမင့္၊ က်ယ္လည္းက်ယ္ သြားလမ္းလာလမ္းႏွင့္လည္းျပည့္စုံေသာ သူရဲေျပးရွိ၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤတတိယအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bhuµ āvudhaµ sannicitaµ hoti salākañceva jevanikañca. Iminā catutthena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - our fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory will be stocked with plenty of missile weapons, such as bows and arrows, artillery and muskets, which are classed as salāka weapons, as well as weapons which do not discharge missiles, such as cutlasses and swords, which are classed as jevanika weapons. This is the fourth type of provisioning that will be required to make the fortress at the boundary of the king’s territory a safe refuge for the people manning it and for those living in the area.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ သုိမွီးစုစည္း ထားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ပစ္လႊတ္အပ္ေသာ ေလး,ျမား,မီးေပါက္,အေျမာက္,ေသနတ္စေသာ သလာကမည္ေသာလက္နက္၊မပစ္လႊတ္အပ္ေသာဓါး,သံလွ်က္စေသာေဇ၀နိကမည္ေသာလက္နက္မ်ားစြာ တုိ႔ရွိကုန္၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ တြင္း၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤစတုတၳအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahu balakāyo pa¥ivasati, seyyathidaµ- hatthārohā assārohā rathikā dhanuggahā celakā calakā pi¼ðhdāyakā uggā rājaputtā pakkhandino mahānāgā sūrā cammayodhino dāsakaputtā. Iminā pañcamena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - our fortress sited at the boundary of the king's territory will be manned by a large force of officers and men. Soldiers of what types? There will be elephant riders, cavalry, charioteers, bowmen, spearmen to drive home their attack, soldiers to set up accommodation for officials, officers and men, scouts who can secretly penetrate the enemy, decapitate one of them and bring the head back. Further, there will be a commissariat, princely bards to spread abroad news of victory in battle, soldiers who can carry out their promise to go out and bring back a head, dashing into the midst of the enemy, taking a head and returning, soldiers who will go forward without flinching even when confronted by a great bull elephant in musth; soldiers skilled in the water, who can swim an ocean carrying their shields; soldiers who will make their attack under cover of animal hides; soldiers who are the king's own servants, people who are ready to take extreme risks in full confidence - these are the thirteen types of soldier.

This is the fifth of the defending "limbs" of a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory to give shelter to its garrison and to repel any enemy outside making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ မ်ားစြာေသာ ဗို္လ္ပါ၊သူရဲအေပါင္းတုိ႔ ေနထုိင္ၾကကုန္၏။ဤသူရဲတုိ႔ဟူသည္ အဘယ္သည္တုိ႔နည္း ဟူမူ- ၁။ဆင္းစီးသူရဲ၊
၂။ျမင္းစီးသူရဲ၊
၃။ရထားစီးသူရဲ၊
၄။ေလးစြဲသူရဲ၊
၅။စစ္ထုိးရာေအာင္လံကုိင္သူရဲ၊
၆။မင္း,မွဴးမတ္,ဗုိလ္ပါ, ရဲမက္ တုိ႔ကုိ သင့္တင့္ရာ ေနရာခ်ထားစီမံတတ္ေသာသူရဲ၊
၇။ရန္သူရွိရာသုိ႔ ရြတ္ရြတ္ခၽြန္ခၽြန္၀င္သြား၍ ရန္သူဦးေခါင္း ကုိျဖတ္ယူၿပီး ခုန္လႊားျပန္ထြက္လာနုိ္င္ေသာသူရဲ၊ တစ္နည္း- ရိကၡာပုိ႔သူရဲ၊
၈။စစ္ေအာင္ဖန္မ်ား၍ ထင္ရွား ေၾကာ္ေစာေလၿပီးေသာမင္းမ်ိဳးသူရဲ၊
၉။စစ္တုိက္ရာ မည္သူ႔ဦးေခါင္းကုိ ျဖတ္ယူမည္ဟုရည္ညႊန္းေျပာဆုိၿပီး ရန္သူနယ္သုိ႔ေျပး၀င္ကာ ဆုိသည့္ အတုိင္း ရန္သူ႔ ဦးေခါင္းကုိျဖစ္ယူလာနုိင္ေသာသူရဲ၊
၁၀။အမုန္ယစ္ေသာ ဆင္ေျပာင္ႀကီးပင္ ရင္ဆုိင္လာျငား ေသာ္လည္းမဆုတ္မနစ္ ရန္သူရွိရာေရွ႕သုိ႔သာ တက္ေသာသူရဲ၊
၁၁။လႊားကာ ႏွင့္တကြ သမုဒၵရာကုိပင္ ကူးနုိင္၏ဟုရဲစြမ္းရွိေသာသူရဲ၊
၁၂။သားေရခ်ပ္၀တ္ဆင္၍စစ္ထုိးေသာသူရဲ၊
၁၃။အားကုိးစိတ္သန္,လွ်င္ျမန္ရဲရင့္,စြန္႔စား၀ံ့ေသာယုံၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရသူကၽြန္ေတာ္ရင္းသူရဲ။ ဤတစ္က်ိပ္သုံးေယာက္ေသာ သူရဲမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တည္း။ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာဤပၪၥမအဂၤါျဖင့္ေကာင္းစြာ ၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare dovāriko hoti pa¼ðito byatto medhāvī aññātānaµ nivāretā ñātānaµ pavesetā. Iminā cha¥¥hena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a doorway designed to admit the wise and the intelligent and to exclude the silly and the inexperienced.

This is the sixth of the defending "limbs” of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to its garrison and to repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ပညာရွိ, လိမၼာထက္ျမက္,ျဖတ္ထုိးသိတတ္ေသာ၊ မသိသူလူစိမ္းတုိ႔ကုိ တားျမစ္၍၊ သိသူတုိ႔ကုိသာ ၀င္ထြက္ခြင့္ ေပးတတ္ေသာတခါးမွဴးႀကီးရွိ၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္ တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤဆ႒မ အဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare pākāro hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca vāsavalepavasampanno ca. Iminā sattamena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya. Imehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a city wall, high and wide, of tree trunks seated in the ground, well treated . This is the seventh of the defending "limbs" of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to its garrison and to repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ျမင့္လည္းျမင့္၊ က်ယ္လည္းက်ယ္ေသာ သစ္ငုတ္စုိက္ျခင္း၊လိမ္းက်ံျခင္းႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးတံတုိင္းရွိ၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤသတၱမအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

Monks, with these seven defending "limbs" which have been described, a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory will be well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ ၿမိဳ႕၌အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

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