၈။ အေကၡာဘိဏီတုိင္ေအာင္ တပ္ကုိးမ်ိဳးစည္းၾကပ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းျခင္း
The methods that, according to the books, were used for uniting this mass of armed men which formed the bala and ordering them as an army are not generally known in our time and I shall therefore give some account of this matter so that it may be understood.
ဤ`ဗလ`ဟူေသာ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိ္င္တုိ႔ကုိအေပါင္းအစုဖြဲ႕၍တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ရာ၌ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာ သည့္အတုိင္း စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ ယခုထက္တုိင္မသိၾကေသး၍ တပ္စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ သိကၽြမ္း နားလည္ေအာင္ ဤအရာ၌ထည့္သြင္းေရးသားေပအံ့။
Out of the books that give accounts of the "four limbs" of an army, the book says:
စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာေသာ တပ္၏အဂၤါေလးပါးရွိသည္ကုိ အမရေကာသ က်မ္း၌ ဤသို႔ဆုိ၏။
Hatthi assa ratha patti,
Sena ca chaturangini.
That is: elephants, cavalry, chariot and infantry - these four are the limbs of an army; they are called the "four limbs".
ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အားျဖင့္ ေလးခုအေပါင္းသည္ တပ္၏အဂၤါမည္၏။စစ္အဂၤါေလးပါးဟုလည္းေခၚသည္။
The "Amarakosa" says also that there are nine ways of organising an army;
တပ္ကုိးမ်ိဳးစည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ အမရေကာသက်မ္း၌ ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏။
“Ekakebha rathā tayassā,
patti pañca padātikā;
Pattayangehi tigunehi,
kamā saññā yathottaram.
Senāmukham gumva ganā,
vāhinī putanā camū;
anīkinī ca tasantu,
dasa akkhobhini matan”ti.
That is to say:
One elephant, one chariot, three horsemen and five infantrymen make up the section called patti. Units above the patti in their order all consist of the four "limbs", elephant, chariot, cavalry and infantry, each larger group having three times the numbers of the group below it.
ဆင္တစ္စီး၊ရထားတစ္ဆူတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ျမင္းသုံးစီးတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ေျခသည္ငါးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္လည္း ေကာင္း၊ ပတၱိမည္ေသာတပ္မည္၏။ပတၱိတပ္မွ အထက္အထက္တပ္စုတုိ႔သည္ အစဥ္ အတုိင္း ပတၱိတပ္၌ပါေသာ ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္ဟူေသာ အဂၤါေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးခုႏွင့္ေျမွာက္အပ္ေသာ္ အမည္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ကုန္၏။
The next group above the patti is called senāmukha, the next is the gumva, then there come the gana, the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, the anīkinī, and the ten anøkinø is called akkhobhinī.
ေသနာမုခတပ္၊ ဂုမၻဂဏတပ္၊ ၀ါဟိနီတပ္၊ ပုတနာတပ္၊ စမူတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္ ဆယ္တပ္သည္ အေကၡာဘိဏီတပ္မည္၏။
Sena næma hatthi assæ ratha patti. Dvadasa puriso hatthø, ti puriso asso, chatu puriso ratho, chattaro sarahattha patti.
Anikam nama hatthanikam assanikam rathanikam pattanikam. Tayo hatthi pacchimaµm hatthanikam, tayo assa pacchimam assanikam, tayo ratha pacchimam rathanikaµm chattaro purisa sarahattha patti pacchimam pattanikam.
In the Pācittiyapāli book of the Vinaya there appears: The elephant men, the charioteers the cavalry and the infantry are called "the military".
၀ိနည္း၊ ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္၊ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္တုိ႔သည္ စစ္သည္ မည္ကုန္၏။
The elephant riders with the men that follow at the elephant's foot making twelve - the elephant, its rider and the spearman make three; the horse, its rider, its driver and the four men who are the flank guards make up the chariot unit; four men with their arms make up the infantry section.
ဆင္စီး၊ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ ဆင္စစ္သည္, စီးသူ၊လွံကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္ ပါရွိေသာျမင္းစစ္သည္,စီးသူ၊ေမာင္းႏွင္သူ၊ နားပန္းေစာင့္ဟူေသာေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္ပါရွိေသာ ရထား စစ္သည္, လက္နက္ ကုိင္ ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ ေျခလွ်င္စစ္သည္မည္၏။
In any army there will be an elephant section, a cavalry section, a chariot section and an infantry section.
တပ္မည္သည္ကား။ ဆင္တပ္၊ ျမင္းတပ္၊ ရထားတပ္၊ေျခသည္တပ္ ဟူသည္တည္း။
There must be at least three elephants to be called an elephant unit; there must be at least three horses to be called a cavalry unit; there must be at least three chariots to be called a chariot unit; there must be at least four armed men to be called an infantry unit.
အနည္းဆုံးဆင္သုံးစီးသည္ဆင္တပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးျမင္းသုံးစီးသည္ ျမင္းတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံး ရထားသုံးဆူ တုိ႔သည္ရထားတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးလက္နက္ကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ေျခသည္တပ္မည္၏။ ဟုဆုိ၏။
Comparing these statements from the Amarakosa and from the Pācittiya, the composition of an army can be calculated thus - the elephant has three riders; there are two tusks, two ears, four legs and the tail and these nine limbs must be guarded, making nine men by the elephant's feet - a total of twelve men as the complement for each war elephant unit.
ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအမရေကာသက်မ္း၊ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္ပါဠိေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိႏွီးေႏွာ၍ တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ပုံးကား-ဆင္စီးလူသုံးေယာက္။ ။အစြယ္ႏွစ္ေခ်ာင္း၊ နားရြက္ႏွစ္ဖက္၊ ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၊အၿမွီး၊ ဤအဂၤါကုိးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္သည္။ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူကုိးေယာက္၊ ႏွစ္စု ေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ တုိက္ဆင္ တစ္စီး။
The commentary on the Pācittiya has four elephant riders and two men at each of the four legs, or eight men, making the same complement of twelve men for each war elephant.
ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္အ႒ကထာ၌ကားဆင္စီးလူေလးေယာက္။ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၌ ႏွစ္ေယာက္စီထား၍ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူရွစ္ ေယာက္၊ ဤသုိ႔တုိက္ဆင္တစ္စီး၌ လူတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ဟုဆုိ၏။
For the cavalry, each horse would have one rider with two spearmen, one on each side. This complement of three men would go with each of the three horses in the group.
ျမင္းစီးသူရဲတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာလွံကုိင္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ဤေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ ျမင္းသုံးစီး။
For the chariots, there would be one charioteer with a driver and two flank guards, one on each side, so that each war chariot would have a complement of four men.
ရထားစီးသူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ရထားေမာင္းႏွင္သူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာနားပန္းေစာင့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ ဤေယာကၤ်ား ေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ စစ္တုိက္ရထားတစ္ဆူ။
There would be five infantry men with their weapons.
လက္နက္ႏွင္တကြေသာ ေျခသည္သူရဲငါးေယာက္။
As we have said, the elephants, horses, chariots and footmen, the riders and guards would make up the minimum army unit called the patti.
ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာစီးနင္း၊ၿခံရံသူႏွင့္တကြေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္စုစုေပါင္းသည္ပတၱိမည္ေသာအနည္း ဆုံး တပ္တစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
Tripling the numbers in this patti unit of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen made up the unit called senāmukha.
ဤပတၱိတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ေသနာမုခ`မည္ေသာ တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
Tripling the numbers again of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen makes the unit called the gumva.
ဤေသနာမုခတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ဂုမၻ`မည္ေသာ တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
In the same way, tripling the gumva produces the ga¼a and successively the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, and the anīkinī.
ဤနည္းအတုိင္း သုံးဆစီအထက္ထက္သုိ႔တက္၍ `ဂဏ`တပ္၊ `၀ါဟိနီ`တပ္၊ `ပုတန`တပ္၊ `စမူ`တပ္၊ `အနီကိနီ`မည္ေသာတပ္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကကုန္၏။
Multiplying the numbers of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen in the anīkinī by ten we finally reach the great army which was the akkhobhinī.
ဤအနီကိနီတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏ဆယ္ဆတက္သည္`အေကၡာဘိဏီ` မည္ ေသာတပ္ႀကီးတစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
ပဋိသမၻိဒါမဂၢအ႒ကထာ၊ ၂။ ဣဒၶိကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၂-၂၉၂
သီလကၡန္အ႒ကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၆၄
အပါဒါနပါဠိ၊ ၁။ဗုဒၶ၀ဂ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၄
ဇာတကပါဠိ၊ ဂါထာ-၇၇၁ ႏွာ-၂-၂၁၉
အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာဋီကာ၊ ၂။ဘူက႑၊ ႏွာ-၂၆၈-၉
၀ိနည္း၊ပါစိတၱိယပါဠိ၊ ၈။ဥယ်ဳတၱေသနာသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၀ ႒-၁၂၅
၁၀။ ဥေယ်ာဓိကသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၃
The methods that, according to the books, were used for uniting this mass of armed men which formed the bala and ordering them as an army are not generally known in our time and I shall therefore give some account of this matter so that it may be understood.
ဤ`ဗလ`ဟူေသာ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိ္င္တုိ႔ကုိအေပါင္းအစုဖြဲ႕၍တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ရာ၌ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာ သည့္အတုိင္း စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ ယခုထက္တုိင္မသိၾကေသး၍ တပ္စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ သိကၽြမ္း နားလည္ေအာင္ ဤအရာ၌ထည့္သြင္းေရးသားေပအံ့။
Out of the books that give accounts of the "four limbs" of an army, the book says:
စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာေသာ တပ္၏အဂၤါေလးပါးရွိသည္ကုိ အမရေကာသ က်မ္း၌ ဤသို႔ဆုိ၏။
Hatthi assa ratha patti,
Sena ca chaturangini.
That is: elephants, cavalry, chariot and infantry - these four are the limbs of an army; they are called the "four limbs".
ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အားျဖင့္ ေလးခုအေပါင္းသည္ တပ္၏အဂၤါမည္၏။စစ္အဂၤါေလးပါးဟုလည္းေခၚသည္။
The "Amarakosa" says also that there are nine ways of organising an army;
တပ္ကုိးမ်ိဳးစည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ အမရေကာသက်မ္း၌ ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏။
“Ekakebha rathā tayassā,
patti pañca padātikā;
Pattayangehi tigunehi,
kamā saññā yathottaram.
Senāmukham gumva ganā,
vāhinī putanā camū;
anīkinī ca tasantu,
dasa akkhobhini matan”ti.
That is to say:
One elephant, one chariot, three horsemen and five infantrymen make up the section called patti. Units above the patti in their order all consist of the four "limbs", elephant, chariot, cavalry and infantry, each larger group having three times the numbers of the group below it.
ဆင္တစ္စီး၊ရထားတစ္ဆူတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ျမင္းသုံးစီးတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ေျခသည္ငါးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္လည္း ေကာင္း၊ ပတၱိမည္ေသာတပ္မည္၏။ပတၱိတပ္မွ အထက္အထက္တပ္စုတုိ႔သည္ အစဥ္ အတုိင္း ပတၱိတပ္၌ပါေသာ ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္ဟူေသာ အဂၤါေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးခုႏွင့္ေျမွာက္အပ္ေသာ္ အမည္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ကုန္၏။
The next group above the patti is called senāmukha, the next is the gumva, then there come the gana, the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, the anīkinī, and the ten anøkinø is called akkhobhinī.
ေသနာမုခတပ္၊ ဂုမၻဂဏတပ္၊ ၀ါဟိနီတပ္၊ ပုတနာတပ္၊ စမူတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္ ဆယ္တပ္သည္ အေကၡာဘိဏီတပ္မည္၏။
Sena næma hatthi assæ ratha patti. Dvadasa puriso hatthø, ti puriso asso, chatu puriso ratho, chattaro sarahattha patti.
Anikam nama hatthanikam assanikam rathanikam pattanikam. Tayo hatthi pacchimaµm hatthanikam, tayo assa pacchimam assanikam, tayo ratha pacchimam rathanikaµm chattaro purisa sarahattha patti pacchimam pattanikam.
In the Pācittiyapāli book of the Vinaya there appears: The elephant men, the charioteers the cavalry and the infantry are called "the military".
၀ိနည္း၊ ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္၊ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္တုိ႔သည္ စစ္သည္ မည္ကုန္၏။
The elephant riders with the men that follow at the elephant's foot making twelve - the elephant, its rider and the spearman make three; the horse, its rider, its driver and the four men who are the flank guards make up the chariot unit; four men with their arms make up the infantry section.
ဆင္စီး၊ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ ဆင္စစ္သည္, စီးသူ၊လွံကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္ ပါရွိေသာျမင္းစစ္သည္,စီးသူ၊ေမာင္းႏွင္သူ၊ နားပန္းေစာင့္ဟူေသာေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္ပါရွိေသာ ရထား စစ္သည္, လက္နက္ ကုိင္ ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ ေျခလွ်င္စစ္သည္မည္၏။
In any army there will be an elephant section, a cavalry section, a chariot section and an infantry section.
တပ္မည္သည္ကား။ ဆင္တပ္၊ ျမင္းတပ္၊ ရထားတပ္၊ေျခသည္တပ္ ဟူသည္တည္း။
There must be at least three elephants to be called an elephant unit; there must be at least three horses to be called a cavalry unit; there must be at least three chariots to be called a chariot unit; there must be at least four armed men to be called an infantry unit.
အနည္းဆုံးဆင္သုံးစီးသည္ဆင္တပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးျမင္းသုံးစီးသည္ ျမင္းတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံး ရထားသုံးဆူ တုိ႔သည္ရထားတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးလက္နက္ကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ေျခသည္တပ္မည္၏။ ဟုဆုိ၏။
Comparing these statements from the Amarakosa and from the Pācittiya, the composition of an army can be calculated thus - the elephant has three riders; there are two tusks, two ears, four legs and the tail and these nine limbs must be guarded, making nine men by the elephant's feet - a total of twelve men as the complement for each war elephant unit.
ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအမရေကာသက်မ္း၊ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္ပါဠိေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိႏွီးေႏွာ၍ တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ပုံးကား-ဆင္စီးလူသုံးေယာက္။ ။အစြယ္ႏွစ္ေခ်ာင္း၊ နားရြက္ႏွစ္ဖက္၊ ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၊အၿမွီး၊ ဤအဂၤါကုိးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္သည္။ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူကုိးေယာက္၊ ႏွစ္စု ေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ တုိက္ဆင္ တစ္စီး။
The commentary on the Pācittiya has four elephant riders and two men at each of the four legs, or eight men, making the same complement of twelve men for each war elephant.
ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္အ႒ကထာ၌ကားဆင္စီးလူေလးေယာက္။ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၌ ႏွစ္ေယာက္စီထား၍ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူရွစ္ ေယာက္၊ ဤသုိ႔တုိက္ဆင္တစ္စီး၌ လူတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ဟုဆုိ၏။
For the cavalry, each horse would have one rider with two spearmen, one on each side. This complement of three men would go with each of the three horses in the group.
ျမင္းစီးသူရဲတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာလွံကုိင္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ဤေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ ျမင္းသုံးစီး။
For the chariots, there would be one charioteer with a driver and two flank guards, one on each side, so that each war chariot would have a complement of four men.
ရထားစီးသူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ရထားေမာင္းႏွင္သူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာနားပန္းေစာင့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ ဤေယာကၤ်ား ေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ စစ္တုိက္ရထားတစ္ဆူ။
There would be five infantry men with their weapons.
လက္နက္ႏွင္တကြေသာ ေျခသည္သူရဲငါးေယာက္။
As we have said, the elephants, horses, chariots and footmen, the riders and guards would make up the minimum army unit called the patti.
ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာစီးနင္း၊ၿခံရံသူႏွင့္တကြေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္စုစုေပါင္းသည္ပတၱိမည္ေသာအနည္း ဆုံး တပ္တစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
Tripling the numbers in this patti unit of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen made up the unit called senāmukha.
ဤပတၱိတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ေသနာမုခ`မည္ေသာ တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
Tripling the numbers again of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen makes the unit called the gumva.
ဤေသနာမုခတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ဂုမၻ`မည္ေသာ တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
In the same way, tripling the gumva produces the ga¼a and successively the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, and the anīkinī.
ဤနည္းအတုိင္း သုံးဆစီအထက္ထက္သုိ႔တက္၍ `ဂဏ`တပ္၊ `၀ါဟိနီ`တပ္၊ `ပုတန`တပ္၊ `စမူ`တပ္၊ `အနီကိနီ`မည္ေသာတပ္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကကုန္၏။
Multiplying the numbers of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen in the anīkinī by ten we finally reach the great army which was the akkhobhinī.
ဤအနီကိနီတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏ဆယ္ဆတက္သည္`အေကၡာဘိဏီ` မည္ ေသာတပ္ႀကီးတစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
ပဋိသမၻိဒါမဂၢအ႒ကထာ၊ ၂။ ဣဒၶိကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၂-၂၉၂
သီလကၡန္အ႒ကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၆၄
အပါဒါနပါဠိ၊ ၁။ဗုဒၶ၀ဂ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၄
ဇာတကပါဠိ၊ ဂါထာ-၇၇၁ ႏွာ-၂-၂၁၉
အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာဋီကာ၊ ၂။ဘူက႑၊ ႏွာ-၂၆၈-၉
၀ိနည္း၊ပါစိတၱိယပါဠိ၊ ၈။ဥယ်ဳတၱေသနာသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၀ ႒-၁၂၅
၁၀။ ဥေယ်ာဓိကသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၃
